(Also published in: Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy
Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC Conf),
August 4-9, 1991, Boston, Massachusetts.
Vol 4, Advanced Energy Concepts, pp. 370-375.)
Copyright (c) 1991 by T.E. Bearden & F. Sweet.
All Rights Reserved. Uploaded on Compuserve with Permission
of Mr. T.E. Bearden of 12 Mar 1993.
Alain Beaulieu, 70403,3645
____________________________________________________________________
UTILIZING SCALAR ELECTROMAGNETICS TO TAP VACUUM ENERGY
Floyd Sweet
Association of Distinguished American Scientists
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, Alabama 358010
T. E. Bearden
Association of Distinguished American Scientists
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, Alabama 35801
ABSTRACT
Based on E.T. Whittaker's previously unnoticed 1903-1904 papers
which established a hidden bidirectional EM wave structure in a
standing forcefield free scalar potential, a method of directly
engineering the ambient potential of the vacuum has been developed
and realized experimentally.
Adding Whittaker's engineerable hidden variable theory to classical
electro-magnetics, quantum mechanics, and general relativity
produces supersets of each discipline. These supersets are joined
by the common Whittaker subset, producing a unified field theory
that is engineerable and tested.
By treating the nucleus of the atom as a pumped phase conjugate
mirror, several working model energy units have been produced which
excite and organize the local vacuum, increase the local virtual
photon flux between local vacuum and nucleus, establish coherent
self-oscillations between the local excited vacuum and the affected
nuclei, utilize the self-oscillating standing wave for self-pumping
of the nuclei/mirrors, introduce a very tiny signal wave to the
mirrors, and output into an external load circuit a powerful,
amplified, time-reversed phase conjugate replica wave at 60 Hertz
frequency and nominal 120 volt sine wave power.
Several models have been built, ranging from 6 watts early on to one
of 5 kilowatts. Both closed batteryless systems with damped
positive feedback and open loop systems with battery-powered input
have been successfully built. Open loop power gains of from 5 x 104
to 1.5 x 106 have been achieved.
Antigravity experiments have also been successfully conducted where
the weight of the unit was reduced by 90% in controlled experiments,
with a signal wave input of 175 microwatts and an output of 1
kilowatt.
The basic theory of the device is briefly explained and experimental
results presented. In the demonstration session, a videotape of one
operating open-loop unit with a 1.5 x 106 power gain is planned, as
is the demonstration of an actual working model closed-loop system
with a nominal rating of 500 watts, and without external power input
of any kind.
The units are solid state, with no moving parts. Each of them
comprises a unique form of self-powered vacuum triode of
extraordinary gain, where the cathode power and plate power are
freely furnished by the vacuum, and only a small grid signal need be
furnished either from an external power source or by clamped
positive feedback from the device's output. The output is negative
energy, and some of its unique characteristics are pointed out.
Implications of the experimental application of the Sweet vacuum
triode, the Bearden approach to the nucleus as a pumped phase
conjugate mirror, and the unified field theory based on Whittaker's
engineerable hidden variable scalar EM potential theory are also
briefly addressed.
____________________________________________________________________
SCALAR ELECTROMAGNETICS
In 1837 Sir W.R. Hamilton said,
"The notion of time may be unfolded into an independent pure
science... a science of pure time is possible."
As is well-known, the fundamental units utilized in physics are
arbitrary. It is even possible to construct all of physics on a
single unit, time. This oddity shows the truth in Hamilton's
statement; it is even more odd, because quantum mechanically time is
not an observable. This means that the observable world can be
modeled completely in terms of the nonobservable, which is
essentially what modern quantum mechanics is now doing.
Hamilton viewed his magnificent quaternions as essentially having
accomplished the mathematical structuring of time. Maxwell's
original EM theory, as is well-known, was modeled in Hamilton's
quaternions, not in the highly curtailed Heaviside/Hertz vectors
erroneously taught today as "Maxwell's theory."
Not a single one of the present so-called "Maxwell's" vector
equations ever appeared in a book or paper by James Clerk Maxwell.
For some years the author has worked on an extended electromagnetics
theory, involving the scalar component of the quaternion. [ref. 1]
In Maxwell's original quaternion theory, this scalar component often
remains when the directional components zero. Further, it then
enfolds vectors and functions of vectors inside, in a hidden
variable manner. Specifically, the author has patterned a unified
field theory concept upon the previously unnoticed but remarkable
early work of E.T. Whittaker. [ref. 2]
In two fundamental papers in 1903 and 1904, Whittaker showed that
all present vector EM can be replaced by scalar potential
interferometry, and that bidirectional harmonic EM plane wave sets
could be used to produce a standing wave of force-field-free
potential (Figures 1 and 2).
Thus Whittaker anticipated the quantum
| phi(x)
|
|
|
|
| Potential
| + +
| + + <---- Organized Local Space-Time
| + + Curvature
| + EM +
| + Substructure +
| + +
| + +
|+_______________________________+_______________________________+__
+ +
X --> + EM +
+ Substructure +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Figure 1. Cross-section of Whittaker spherical EM potential wave.
mechanical Aharonov/Bohm effect by 55 years, including extending it
to the macroscopic world instead of the mesoscopic realm where it
has been established to date. [ref. 3]
In modern terms, Whittaker showed how to turn EM wave energy into
electrogravitational potential energy, then how to interfere two
such scalar potential waves to recover electromagnetic energy, even
at a distance. [ref. 4]
This unrecognized work is of great importance: when applied to
modern physics, it produces supersets of quantum mechanics (QM),
classical electromagnetics (EM), and general relativity (GR).
Further, all three extended disciplines unify on their common
Whittaker subset, in a testable and engineerable fashion. [ref. 5]
(figure too complex for ASCII)
Figure 2. Infolded EM plane wave structure of a Whittaker wave.
____________________________________________________________________
The Nucleus As a PPCM and Triode
The author has also considered the highly nonlinear nucleus of the
atom as a pumped phase conjugate mirror (PPCM), having found no
other consideration of same in the literature.
The author also dubbed a PPCM a "triode," since the amplified phase
conjugate replica of the signal wave is much like the amplified
output of a triode, and the signal wave input to a PPCM is much like
a triode's grid signal input. The PPCM pump wave then corresponds
roughly to the power input to the cathode and plate of a triode.
[ref. 6]
Figure 3 diagrammatically shows the PPCM with correspondence to a
triode. [Referring to figure 3]
Up to all the power in the pump waves A1 and A2 may be output in
phase conjugate replica wave A3 in response to a small signal wave
input A1.
(Figure too complicated for ASCII)
Figure 3. A pumped phase conjugate mirror.
____________________________________________________________________
VACUUM TRIODE BACKGROUND
About seven years ago, the author was privileged to see and examine
an invention of Mr. Floyd Sweet, that produced about 6 watts of
electrical power from the vacuum itself.
This remarkable device, which the author dubbed a vacuum triode, in
a single unit utilized most of the scalar EM concepts the author had
so painfully and slowly formulated over the years.
Sweet, a brilliant inventor with a remarkable knowledge of
magnetics, had utilized barium ferrite magnets and special coils to
produce a solid-state device that successfully tapped the vacuum
energy.
The author quickly put together a theoretical concept for the
energy-tapping mechanism, based on treatment of the nucleus as a
PPCM and Whittaker's scalar EM potential unified field theory. [ref.
7]
The author furnished the technical concept, treating the nucleus as
a pumped phase conjugate mirror, to the inventor along with copies
of Whittaker's papers.
____________________________________________________________________
Sweet's Synthesis and Extension
Sweet is also a brilliant EM theoretician, working in four, five, or
even six dimensions with ease. He immediately synthesized the
entire PPCM and Whittaker theory, and developed a complete
theoretical treatment of the device. [ref. 8]
He also increased the nuclear potential utilized in the activated
nuclei of the device, which increased the pumping energy and hence
the energy output. He next produced an open-loop vacuum triode (VT)
with an output of 500 watts, for an input of 33 microwatts.
Thereafter he produced several other models, including closed-loop
systems and one with 5-KW output.
____________________________________________________________________
Purpose of This Paper
Our purpose is to explain the detailed scalar EM concept of the
operation of the vacuum triode, since it is a universal method for
cohering and tapping useful EM energy from the vacuum.
The author believes that this mechanism is the fundamental mechanism
that must be invoked in any over-unity device that
electromagnetically extracts vacuum energy as electromagnetic
effects.
We also intend to demonstrate a full working model of the device at
this conference. Sweet's detailed theoretical treatment will be
completed and submitted to a major journal shortly, to complete the
scientific exposition of the new methodology.
I must also express my deep admiration for my brilliant inventor
colleague. It has been a privilege to work with him, though under
great difficulties and at a distance. He has developed several
other related devices that are of great importance to the emerging
new physics of vacuum engineering, in the sense referred to by Lee.
[ref. 9]
To mention just one, he has produced a magnetic lens which
apparently can directly display the vacuum's virtual particle flux,
or a good analog of it. So far as I am aware, this is the only
extant instrument today that can perform this feat.
When the vacuum triode has been proven to the scientific community,
it is my intention to nominate Sweet for the Nobel Prize he so
richly deserves, and seek high scientific endorsements for the
recommendation.
____________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Entropy
As is well known, in any closed dynamic system the order existing in
it will gradually be dissipated, as more and more interactions
occur. This leads to the notion of entropy as the increasing
disorder in such systems. The assumptions are
(1) a closed system, and
(2) a positive flow of time for the components of the system.
Actually no such thing as a completely closed system exists in
nature. Every mass system is open to virtual particle flux exchange
with the vacuum, for example, particularly in the nucleus of its
atoms, where the bulk of its mass is located.
However, the closed system assumption is reasonably approximated by
a great many systems which are in stable thermodynamic equilibrium,
or nearly so.
On the other hand, in an open system far from thermodynamic
equilibrium, the second law of thermodynamics does not necessarily
apply, because the system violates both the closed system assumption
and its equilibrium approximation. [ref. 10]
____________________________________________________________________
Time Reversal
Since being discovered in 1972 in the open Soviet literature, the
time-reversed (phase conjugate) EM wave has also been known. The
phase conjugate EM wave is truly time-reversed, as has been shown
experimentally. Since the time-reversed EM wave violates the second
major assumption, the second law of thermodynamics need not
necessarily hold for time-reversed entities.
Putting all this together, if one wishes negentropy and hence
increased energy in a system, the candidate suggested would appear
to be a system that was strongly
(1) open loop,
(2) time-reversed, and
(3) far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
A good overview of time-reversal in physics has been provided by
Sachs. [ref. 11]
____________________________________________________________________
Engineering the Nucleus
Since the nucleus already provides a myriad of time-reversed
processes, engineering the nucleus of an atom is a very good
candidate for practical negentropy.
To engineer the nucleus directly, a Whittaker potential is first
artificially constructed, by composing a harmonic set of phase-
locked EM wave/antiwave pairs. It is accented that the antiwaves
must be true phase conjugates; otherwise they will not constitute a
gradient-free Whittaker standing potential wave.
In addition, at least one harmonic interval must be used, and
additional harmonic sets are most desirable. The reason is that a
space-time lattice must be formed in the vacuum, where the energy is
additive spatially but oppositive in t-dot, the rate of flow of
time, in the fourth dimension.
So a time-structure is required as well as a spatial structure,
which is what is provided by n bidirectional harmonic Whittaker EM
wave sets, where n is an integer greater than 1.
Once a specific Whittaker structure has been chosen, the local
lattice of space-time is established. This establishes phase-locked
lattice groupings of coupled photon/antiphoton pairs, or of
gravitons. In turn, this Whittaker-structured vacuum now contains
specific graviton vacuum engines, which directly engineer and
structure the vacuum's virtual particle flux (VPF) exchange with the
nucleus. [ref. 12]
The nucleus is highly nonlinear, hence strongly phase conjugative,
or time-reversed. The ambient potential of the local vacuum
surrounding the nucleus is in a violent virtual photon exchange with
it, accounting for its electrical charge.
Since the preponderant charge is positive, from the viewpoint of the
ordinary light observer whose light interacts with electron shells,
the nucleus may be taken to exhibit time reversal (phase
conjugation).
____________________________________________________________________
Energy, Time, and Gravitons
We take the definition of "energy" to be fundamentally an ordering
imposed upon the VPF of vacuum. We take photon scattering from the
electron shells of atoms to be the fundamental exterior mechanism
producing forward flow of external observer time.
It then follows that "time's arrow" for the EM observer is due to
the universal scattering of photons from electron shells.
In this view, forward (positive) time flow and entropy are due to
the same primary action: photon scattering from electron shells. It
is unfortunate that the concept of "positive" energy has been tied
to, and defined in terms of, the scattering and dissipation of VPF
order as work, or energy expended.
Via the standard labeling, then, negative energy is the
reconstitution of order in the vacuum VPF. It should be noted that,
in a PPCM, dissipative or external pump wave stress energy can be
scavenged and re-emitted in perfect order as the phase conjugate
replica. This is a negentropic process, for it is capable of
turning disorder into order. [ref. 13]
In the time-reversed PPCM nucleus, we should expect to see
appreciable negative energy, that is, energy removed from the EM
scattering domain. This includes the binding energy of the nucleus,
and the gravitational (G) potential energy of the EM energy removed
from the "scattering interaction realm" and locked into the mass.
Following Sakharov, we hold that the G-field is not a fundamental
field of nature, but a composite caused by, or made from, other
fields. [ref. 14]
To the first order, we assume the G-potential is comprised of
coupled photon/antiphoton pairs, on the average, where the
statistical coupled spin-2 photon/antiphoton pair is a graviton.
[ref. 15]
We follow the modern view of the field: because of vacuum
fluctuations, rigorously one no longer speaks of "the" field, but of
the probability of a particular field configuration. [ref. 16]
We also hold the vacuum to be composed of potentials, and regard the
three terms space-time, vacuum, and scalar potential as essentially
synonymous.
____________________________________________________________________
Newton's Third Law and the Detection Process
The VPF EM stress of the local vacuum immediately surrounding the
nucleus may be decomposed a la Whittaker into opposing bidirectional
EM plane waves/forces. Thus the nonlinear nucleus may be regarded
as a pumped phase conjugate mirror, normally with a gain of one.
In this view, Newton's third law reaction force is generated because
the so-called "photon" interaction with an atom is in fact a
graviton reaction involving a photon/antiphoton pair that is
decoupled.
The decoupled photon normally is absorbed and reradiated by an
orbital electron, while the decoupled antiphoton interacts with the
nucleus, producing a time-reversed twin of the external force, or,
in other words, Newton's third law reaction force, which gives a
slight recoil of the nucleus.
Half of every measurement physicists normally make is discarded,
with the missing half accounting only for Newtonian reaction in the
meter or instrument, which is usually ignored.
The fact that half of our measurement interactions are ignored is
occasionally discovered and noted by physicists, who may even write
a paper pointing it out, but no change is instituted in the
foundations. [ref. 17 and 18]
____________________________________________________________________
Semiconducting Vacuum and Self-Oscillation
The vacuum immediately surrounding the nucleus is structured by the
nucleus, and is itself nonlinear and capable of acting as a
semiconductor. [ref. 19]
Since both this immediately local semiconductor vacuum and the
nucleus it surrounds are highly nonlinear, then nonlinear resonance
can conceivably be established between them.
Further, since the resonating system in such case is an open system
away from thermodynamic equilibrium, the oscillation can be self-
sustaining. Such self-oscillation of the pumping of a PCM is
already well-known in the nonlinear optical literature, particularly
with compounds containing barium. [ref. 20]
____________________________________________________________________
THE VACUUM TRIODE
The Basic Concept
As is well-known, a stress can be decomposed into opposing sets of
forces. But quantum mechanically, the forces we are interested in
with our work here are all caused electromagnetically, by the
exchange of virtual photons. Even mechanical force, according to
QM, is caused in this manner. Thus opposing electromagnetic or
mechanical "stress" sets of bidirectional EM forces are
microscopically equivalent to the notion of pump waves in nonlinear
optics.
Hence under the proper conditions, it follows that trapped EM stress
energy of the vacuum can be utilized to "pump" the nucleus.
Treating the stress-pumped nonlinear nucleus as a PPCM, it follows
that the stress energy of the vacuum can be tapped by a 4-wave
mixing mechanism in the atomic nucleus, to provide amplified phase
conjugate EM wave outputs from the atom in response to small signal
wave inputs. [21]
In the proper nonlinear material, the material may act as a PPCM, in
which case there exists a suitable connection between the material's
atomic nuclei and its external electromagnetic lattice bonds, and
the amplified phase conjugate replica wave generated in the nucleus
will be emitted from the material as an EM wave field. This field
can then be tapped by suitable means and output to an external load
circuit.
____________________________________________________________________
Block Diagram of the Vacuum Triode
Figure 4 shows a basic block diagram of the vacuum triode process,
utilized by Sweet in several laboratory vacuum energy devices.
These devices have ranged from a nominal 500 watt output in a 6-lb.
device to 5 kilowatts for a heavier unit. Gains have ranged from
50,000 to 1,500,000 for open-loop systems. Both open-loop and
closed-loop systems have been built and tested.
Figure 4 shows a combined block diagram for either a closed-loop or
open-loop system. In the open-loop system, a barium ferrite
magnetic material is used as a pumped phase conjugate mirror.
In the "standard" design, two opposing PPCMs are used. The
advantage of this dual combination is the use of self-targeting
(repetitive phase conjugation, signal by signal). This has the
effect of
(1) stabilizing the Whittaker field, and
(2) producing a quantum potential between the two mirrors, so
the mirrors and the Whittaker potential between them are
essentially one single space-time entity.
Discussion of a quantum potential is beyond the scope of this paper,
but the technical mechanism for creating one has been previously
presented by the author on several occasions. [ref. 22]
First we will explain the open-loop operation of the vacuum triode.
In Figure 4, on the right an external 60 Hz, nominal 10 volt AC sine
wave of several tens of microwatts in power is input into the
stabilized field of the barium ferrite magnet structure, where it
modulates the field, producing a signal wave input into the atoms of
the material.
In the top right block, the EM signal wave interacts with the
electron shell of an atom, which in turn is EM-coupled to the
nucleus.
(Figure too complex for ASCII)
Figure 4. The Vacuum Triode Concept.
Thus an EM signal wave is input to the nucleus of the atom, which is
highly nonlinear (middle top block). Earlier, Sweet had
specifically conditioned the atomic nuclei with a proprietary
process, wherein in the barium nucleus a trapped 60 Hz scalar EM
spherical wave resonance (self-oscillation) exists between the
structured semiconductor vacuum immediately surrounding the Ba
nucleus.
In the same activation process, the ambient potential of the
surrounding vacuum was raised and stabilized, in the two leftmost
blocks.
At this point the nonlinear nucleus is effectively self-pumped by
the trapped, excited, spherical scalar wave oscillation between the
structured semiconductor vacuum and the nucleus. The nucleus is now
a strongly pumped phase conjugate mirror.
Consequently, when the signal wave input arrives, the PPCM nucleus
emits an amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave, which
precisely backtracks the input signal wave. This precise
backtracking (perfect retroreflection) is referred to as the
"distortion correction theorem."
In short, the powerful PCR wave returns precisely toward the
external source, passing through the electron shells and arriving in
the perturbed barium ferrite magnet assembly field, where it
perturbs the field.
A transformer-like system then extracts this magnetic field
perturbation and conducts it to the external load circuit.
However, the PCR contains negative energy. Short of the load, the
internal circuits run cool, rather than heating. This is a
signature of a true vacuum energy tapping device.
Indeed, if the output leads of the Sweet vacuum triode are
physically shorted together, a brilliant flash occurs, and the
leads instantly ice as if dipped in liquid oxygen. This is another
signature of the true negentropic over-unity vacuum tap.
Note that the energy extracted from the semiconducting vacuum
adjacent to the nucleus is just instantly replaced by the
surrounding vacuum's inexhaustible energy pool. This is an open-
loop system, with a hidden energy source: the intense virtual
particle flux of the vacuum's ambient charge.
It is not possible to exhaust that flux, which is often calculated
to have an energy density of some 10^100 or more grams per cm^3, if
the energy were cohered and condensed into mass.
As can be seen, even a VT gain of 1.5 x 10^6 represents a "vacuum
tap" of an incredibly small efficiency, on the order of 10^-100 or
so. However, the vacuum "river" is so energetic that such
efficiencies are quite sufficient.
We accent that the barium ferrite magnetic material must be
activated so that stable self-oscillation between the barium nucleus
and the surrounding semiconductor vacuum exists. Although self-
oscillating/self-pumped PCMs are known at optical frequencies, Sweet
has discovered and perfected a brilliant methodology for activating
PPCM nuclei at ELF frequencies.
In a resistive load such as light bulbs, the resistive material
accomplishes repetitive phase conjugation. Thus in the resistor,
half the total energy is expressed as photon or dissipative energy
in the external (electron shell) level.
As the excited electrons decay, they emit scattered EM energy as
light and heat. This is an exothermic interaction. The other half
of the total energy reacts in the atomic nuclei, as a phase
conjugative or endothermic interaction.
We strongly accent that, Whittaker-wise, there are two
electromagnetic channels and two kinds of EM:
(1) external EM, the common electron-shell interacting,
entropic, scattering, time-forward kind, and
(2) the internal, unsuspected, hidden variable, nuclei
interacting, negentropic, reordering/convergent kind.
Internal EM travels strictly between atomic nuclei, normally not
reacting with electron shells unless a pumped phase conjugate mirror
reaction is invoked in the nucleus to produce a gain somewhat
greater than unity.
Thus if we wish to communicate with atomic nuclei directly, and
engineer them directly, we must utilize the internal EM channel via
applied Whittaker methods.
____________________________________________________________________
Antigravity Tests
Inherent in the preceding discussions is the possibility to turn EM
energy into gravitational energy of either sign. In other words,
one should be able to utilize Sweet's vacuum triode to produce and
demonstrate antigravity.
Indeed this is the case. Sweet has also discovered the special
alterations necessary to perform straightforward transformation of
the internal energy in the nucleus to antigravitational energy,
producing a unilateral thrust upward.
Note that the bulk of G-potential gradient (G-force-field) occurs
Whittaker-wise at ELF frequencies. This explains why nonlinear
phase conjugate opticians do not notice direct antigravity effects.
At the optical frequencies at which they work, the effects are so
miniscule that they are negligible. This is readily explained as
follows: In QM, the quantum (photon) is comprised of action
(angular momentum), not just energy. It is rather like a "piece of
energy welded to a piece of time, with no seam in the middle."
Since quantum change occurs in quanta, the decoupling of the energy
and time components, in the continual interaction of photons with
matter, exchanges energy between G-potential of vacuum and trapped
mass of the atom or particle. In this exchange, small increments of
time are continually being formed (and unformed, as photon emission
occurs).
Consequently, each mass is moving forward in time in small
incremental jumps, usually of exceedingly small magnitude. However,
the energy and time trapped in a photon are canonical. The greater
the piece of energy, the smaller the piece of time, and vice versa.
So if one wishes to stress the "rate of flow of time" significantly,
one needs to produce large amounts of photons that have very large
pieces of time, and consequently little pieces of energy.
Since the energy of the photon is directly proportional to its
frequency, this means that the lower frequency photons have larger
time increments, and hence endure over many "regular-sized photon
absorption/emission changes" to appreciably stress the rate of time
flow/production.
The bottom line is that the standard pumped phase conjugate mirror
can be adapted to produce antigravity at ELF frequencies, but
precisely the same adaptation at optical frequencies will have
negligible effect.
With this in mind, the author requested Sweet to perform an
antigravity experiment to prove the thesis. With Sweet's
proprietary adaptation of his vacuum triode/PPCM, the experiment
produced rather straightforward but spectacular results, as shown in
Figure 5.
The experiment was performed as follows: Rigged for antigravity,
the 6-lb. device was placed on a scale so that its weight could be
continuously monitored. A special external load box was utilized in
which multiple electric light sockets were connected in parallel.
Then the external load draw was adjusted by merely screwing in 100-
watt lamps, one at a time, with measurement and observation pauses
in between. The output of the device was 120 volt, negative AC
sine-wave power at 60 Hz.
For each 100-watt increment, the load power was recorded and the
weight was carefully recorded. The results are shown in the rather
smooth, classic curve shown in Figure 5.
At 1,000 watts load draw, the previously 6-lb. device had reduced
its weight due to gravity by 90 percent. At that point the signal-
wave (grid) input to the open-loop vacuum triode was only 175.4
microamps at 10 volts, or just under two milliwatts.
(Figure too complex for ASCII)
Figure 5. Antigravity Test of Sweet's Adapted Vacuum Triode.
We accent that the nominal two milliwatt input is only a gating
signal. It is the organized, gated vacuum energy that is performing
the action.
The experiment was stopped short of actual hovering and flying due
to safety considerations. With the specific adaptation, magnetic
monopoles are deposited in the magnet materials, producing internal
tensile stress.
Since no explosive controlled facilities were available, and there
was no wish to destroy the VT, the experiment was terminated at 90%
antigravity performance.
It was completely successful, and adequately demonstrated the
validity of the unified field theory concepts utilized in our
approach.
____________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSIONS
A new unified field theory has been developed, tested, and at least
partially verified experimentally. The concepts of the theory have
been applied by Sweet in a series of inventions that produce readily
usable, safe electromagnetic power directly from the vacuum.
The methodology lends itself to formulation of power devices without
moving parts. Antigravity, predicted by the concepts of the theory,
has been demonstrated in actual practical demonstrations on the
laboratory bench.
Though not discussed in this paper, application of the concepts and
methodology to a large variety of other fields, such as medical
reversal of aging and curing of almost the entire range of present
debilitating diseases, has been previously pointed out.
[ref. 23]
We have also pointed out the mechanism for Kaznacheyev's
cytopathogenic effect, or the induction of cellular pathology at a
distance by electromagnetic means. [ref. 24]
We have also pointed out the specific mechanism involved in Priore's
device, which in rigorous laboratory animal testing under the
auspices of eminent French scientists, demonstrated nearly 100
percent cures for terminal cancers and leukemias, sleeping sickness,
artherosclerosis, and other debilitating diseases.[ref. 25]
We believe we have also produced the concepts enabling the direct
engineering and therapeutic manipulation of Popp's master cellular
control system. [ref. 26]
We conclude that the concepts we have utilized and experimentally
demonstrated are universal, as implied by any notional unified field
theory.
Our conclusion is that the concepts, theory, and experiments, taken
together, are sufficient for investigation and replication by the
scientific community.
If replicated and fully substantiated, we believe the work will
directly point the way to, and usher in, a new unified field theory
physics of universal application.
____________________________________________________________________
SPECULATED IMPLICATIONS
As can be seen, the implications of the new approach are profound.
The authors believe they have ushered in the forerunner of a vast
new physics, one which will change our lives, and our view of
physical reality, in ways previously undreamed of.
By mastering, controlling, and gating the vast, incredible energy of
the seething vacuum, we can power our automobiles, flying machines,
and technology inexhaustibly. Further, it can be done absolutely
cleanly; there are no noxious chemical pollutants to poison the
biosphere. With practical antigravity, ships can be developed to
cross the solar system as readily as one crosses the ocean today.
And the ships, automobiles, and technology will never run out of
fuel; the inexhaustible vacuum fills every system, everywhere, to
overflowing.
Not discussed in this paper, it turns out that living systems, faced
with the problem of achieving negentropy so as to maintain their
form in a dissipative external physical reality, have always used
the hidden internal channel for such things as mind, thought, cell
control, and living functions.
With the new methodology, one now faces the advent of access and
engineering of the mind and life of the observer as readily as the
observer's physical body.
Transmutation of the elements, control of the weather, lighting and
powering our cities and homes cheaply and cleanly, and provision of
plenty for everyone is the vista for the future. We can in fact
clean up the radioactive wastes, rid ourselves of coarse nuclear and
petroleum powerplants.
We strongly stress that, with the ability to engineer the
Schroedinger equation itself, the new methodology allows the direct
engineering and control of quantum change, and hence of physical
reality itself.
The methodology is extendable to hyperdimensions; nested virtual
levels of the vacuum are already precisely that. The author has
already pointed out the application of this emerging technology to
the absolute cure of diseases such as AIDS, cancer, leukemia, etc.,
and shown that the Priore device in France already proved the
efficacy of the application in the 60s and 70s.
We shall be able to rid ourselves and our descendents of diseases.
With direct access to the actual software of life and mind, in the
future we should be able to achieve levels of education previously
unattainable, by directly inputting the relevant software.
Previously we have also pointed out that four nations of the world
are already embarked on weaponization of scalar EM unified field
technology. It is sobering to think that, in addition to having the
ability to make our planet a paradise for humankind, we also will
have the ability to make it a hades.
For that reason, we are doing our best to clarify the technical
concept and the theory in this 1991, hopefully with the view that
humankind will seize upon the positive aspects, and develop and
apply this technology for the betterment of all people everywhere.
Long ago, Albert Einstein said these words:
"It would of course be a great step forward if we succeeded in
combining the gravitational field and the electromagnetic
field into a single structure. Only so could the era in
theoretical physics inaugurated by Faraday and Clerk Maxwell
be brought to a satisfactory close."
And Teilhard de Chardin wrote:
"Someday, after we have mastered the winds, the waves, the
tides and gravity, we shall harness for God the energies of
love. Then for the second time in the history of the world
man will have discovered fire."
The authors fervently believe they have come upon fire for the
second time, as allegorized by de Chardin. If so, let us all use
the knowledge wisely.
____________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
[1] Maxwell's original quaternion EM theory is contained in
some 200 quaternion equations and differs extensively from
the restricted Heaviside/Gibbs vector interpretation
universally taught today as "Maxwell's Theory." See James
Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1873. The third edition
is by Dover, 1954.
[2] E.T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of
Mathematical Physics," Math. Ann., Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-
355; "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to
Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions,"
Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, pp. 367-
372. The first paper was in fact a detailed theory of the
scalar standing potential wave that Nikola Tesla discovered
four years earlier, on the night of July 3-4 1899, being
radiated from thunderstorms, which he entered in his
Colorado Springs Notebook on the morning of the 4th. More
recently the Whittaker structure (WS) inside potentials,
including the Schroedinger potential, has been shown by
V.K. Ignatovich, "The Remarkable Capabilities of Recursive
Relations," Am. J. Phys., 57(10), Oct. 1989, p. 873-878,
without credit to Whittaker or to the presence of such
structured scalar potentials in Maxwell's original
quaternion EM theory. These WSs are universal to scalar
potentials; e.g., for the same in acoustics, see Richard W.
Ziolkowski, "Localized Transmission of Wave Energy," Proc.
SPIE, Vol. 1061, Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and
Directed Energy Concepts, Jan. 1989, p. 396-397.
[3] See Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of
Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory," Phys.
Rev., Second Series, 115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 458-491.
This paper pointed out the primacy of the potentials.
Instead of being causative agents, the force fields are
actually effects generated from the potentials. This is in
complete violation of both classical electromagnetics and
classical dynamics, but it is absolutely required by
quantum mechanics. For an extensive discussion of the
Aharonov-Bohm effect and an extensive list of references,
see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The Quantum Effects
of Electromagnetic Fluxes," Rev. Mod. Phys. 57(2), Apr.
1985. See Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in Normal-Metal
Rings Exhibit Aharonov-Bohm Effect," Physics Today, 39(1),
Jan. 1986, p. 17-20 for confirmation that the Aharonov/Bohm
effect has indeed been firmly proven experimentally.
[4] It is pointed out that today all potentials are well-known
to be gravitational entities. However, this was not known
in Whittaker's time, and so he himself did not realize that
he had actually produced an engineerable, testable unified
theory of electromagnetics and gravitation.
[5] T.E. Bearden, "Possible Whittaker Unification of
Electromagnetics, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics:
Part I: Background," Presented to Ala. Acad. Sci. Annual
Symp., Univ. Jacksonville, Mar. 1991.
[6] For the theory of a pumped phase conjugate mirror, see David
M. Pepper, "Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation," Opt. Eng.,
21(2), Mar./Apr. 1982, p. 156-183; Amnon Yariv, Optical
Electronics, 3rd Edn., Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New
York, 1985. In a normal triode tube, the amplified plate
signal is 180 degrees out of phase spatially with the grid
input, but in-phase with it in respect to rate of flow
through time. In a PPCM, the amplified phase conjugate
replica wave is in phase spatially with the signal wave, but
180 degrees out of phase with it in respect to its rate of
flow through time. It is pointed out that a PCM with a gain
of unity produces a coupled EM wave/antiwave pair whose
energy is additive in 3-space but subtractive in the first
derivative of the fourth dimension, time. Hence it is no
longer an electromagnetic wave as such, but an oscillatory
wave of stress upon the local rate of flow of time. Hence
it is a powerful electrogravitational wave, whose EM nature
is hidden in the guise of a scalar EM potential. It is also
a wave of variation in the local gauge, and of variation in
the local ST curvature.
[7] See T.E. Bearden, The Phase Conjugate Vacuum Triode, Apr.
23, 1987, privately published. An earlier pencil draft was
initially produced.
[8] Sweet has continued to extend his theoretical treatment. A
formal paper providing the complete mathematical theory of
the vacuum triode has been drafted, is in final review, and
will be submitted to a leading journal by mid-1991.
[9] See Chapter 25: Outlook, "Possibility of Vacuum
Engineering," T.D. Lee, Particle Physics and Introduction to
Field Theory, Harwood, New York, 1981, pp. 824-828.
[10] In 1977 Ilya Prigogine received the Nobel Prize for
extending thermodynamics; in particular, for the theory of
dissipative structures in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In
Prigogine systems, negentropy is known to be possible.
[11] Robert G. Sachs, The Physics of Time Reversal, Univ. Chi.
Press., Chicago, 1987.
[12] Note that this moves the entire notion of the charge of a
fundamental particle to a deeper and more extended level.
Now the charge may be discretized, but it is not quantized
in the hard conventional sense. Further, the internal
Whittaker structure of the massless VPF photon exchange of
vacuum and mass, which, quantum mechanically, is what the
electrical charge of the particle is in the first place, is
deterministically structured. Note that this violates the
present assumption that all like charged particles are
identical; now two electrons may have either the same or
different magnitudes of charge, and even when the magnitudes
are the same, their internal charge structures (Whittaker
structures) and VPF exchange with the vacuum may differ.
Also note that this resolves the severe QM problem of
missing chaos (hidden order) in quantum change. The reason
for the problem was the use of Gibbs statistics with its
assumption of random variable change, which a priori
excluded hidden order (and hence chaos) from QM. That was
only a special case, albeit an important one. There are now
three QM cases: (1) the conventional case, where there is
no hidden order; (2) the case where there is some hidden
order, and the statistics is chaotic, not random; and (3)
the case where the QM change is deterministic, with
essentially total hidden order. Note that the Whittaker
methodology allows one to directly engineer cases (2) and
(3), including the Schroedinger equation itself.
[13] The present second law of thermodynamics is written only for
time-forward entities, and need not apply for the time-
reversed case. Merely viewing the energy-dissipating
forward time case in reverse allows an appreciation of the
time-reversed case. In other words, the second law of
thermodynamics is incomplete as presently stated. The
complete law has a corollary to cover the increase in order
as the time-reversal of the system increases. Thus the
complete law consists of two parts: (1) the entropic, time-
forward case, and (2) the negentropic time-reversed case.
Since the re-ordering can be amplified at will by a PPCM
process, the correct distinction between the two subsets of
the complete law is important, and applies to real systems.
[14] A.D. Sakharov, Theor. Math. Phys., Vol. 23, 1975, p. 435.
[15] T. E. Bearden, Gravitobiology: A New Biophysics, Tesla Book
Co., 604 Date Ave., Chula Vista, CA 91912, 1991.
[16] C.f. Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald
Wheeler, Gravitation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco,
1973, p. 1191.
[17] E.g., see Richard Kidd et al, "Evolution of the Modern
Photon," Am. J. Phys., 57(1), Jan. 1989, pp. 27-35. See
also R. Chen, "Cancellation of Internal Forces," Am. J.
Phys. 49(4), Apr. 1981, p. 372.
[18] A nonlinear material may simply emit a photon, or it may act
as a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) and emit a phase conjugate
replica of the absorbed photon. When the material emits a
normal photon, it measurably recoils. When it emits a time-
reversed photon, it does not recoil, as already
experimentally established in nonlinear phase conjugate
optics. The solution to the mystery is this: When emitting
a normal photon, the material does not act as a PCM. In
that case the matching antiphoton which split from the
interacting graviton (the graviton that yielded the external
photon) interacts with the nucleus, producing a recoil
action with a gain of one. Thus Newtonian third-law
recoil of the nucleus occurs. On the other hand, when the
material acts as a PCM, it also emits the antiphoton outside
the atom to "backtrack" the absorbed "signal wave" photon.
In that case there is no Newtonian recoil of the nucleus,
because the agent for causing recoil did not interact with
the nucleus to produce it.
[19] Richard E. Prange and Peter Strance, "The Semiconducting
Vacuum," Am. J. Phys. 52(1), Jan. 1984, p. 19-21. Also,
under nonlinear conditions, a particle can absorb more
energy than is in the light incident on it, absorbing the
energy from the vacuum VPF. C.f. Craig F. Bohren, "How Can
a Particle Absorb More Than the Light Incident on It?" Am.
J. Phys. 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327.
[20] C.f. Pepper, ibid. and Yariv, ibid. For a specific example,
see Mary J. Miller et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41(8), Oct. 15,
1982, p. 689-691.
[21] Again, for the theory of the PPCM, see Pepper, ibid. and
Yariv, ibid.
[22] E.g., see T.E. Bearden, Gravitobiology: A New Biophysics,
Tesla Book Co., Chula Vista, CA, 1991, p. 33-36.
[23] Bearden, AIDS: Biological Warfare, Tesla Book Co., 1988;
Gravitobiology: A New Biophysics, Tesla Book Co., 1991;
Analysis of Scalar Electromagnetics, Tesla Book Co., 1990.
[24] C.f. Vlail P. Kaznacheyev and L.P. Mikhailova, Ultraweak
Radiations in Intercellular Interactions, [in Russian],
Novosibirsk, 1981; Vlail P. Kaznacheyev, "Electromagnetic
Bioinformation in Intercellular Interactions," Psi Research,
1(1), Mar. 1982, p. 47-76; N.D. Devyatkov, Ed.,
Applications of Low-Intensity Millimeter Wave Radiation in
Biology and Medicine, [in Russian], IRE Akad. Nauk. SSSR,
Moscow, 1985.
[25] C.f. Antoine Priore, "Method of Producing Radiations for
Penetrating Living Cells," U.S. Patent No. 3,280,816; Jean-
Michel Graille, Le Dossier Priore, De Noel, Paris, 1984 [in
French]; Christopher Bird, "The Case of Antoine Priore and
His Therapeutic Machine: A Scandal in the Politics of
Science," Appx. I to Bearden, AIDS: Biological Warfare,
1988.
[26] C.f. Fritz Albert Popp, "Photon Storage in Biological
Systems," in Fritz Albert Popp et al, Eds., Electromagnetic
Bio-Information: Proceedings of the Symposium, Marburg,
September 5, 1977, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, 1979,
p. 123-149; also Biophotonen. Ein neuer weg zur Losung des
Krebsproblems, Verlag fur Medizin, Heidelberg, 1976 [in
German].
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