What is Islam?
In the Name of the Merciful, Compassionate Allah 

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The Arabic word 'Allah' is a proper noun of the Creator
The Arabic word 'Islam' means in English 'Submission' to Allah
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Front Cover:
  »  Muhammad
  »  Jesus
  »  John
  »  Zachariah
  »  Elisha
  »  Ellias
  »  Jonah
  »  Ezekiel
  »  Job
  »  Solomon
  »  David
  »  Aaron
  »  Moses
  »  Shuaib
  »  Joseph
  »  Jacob
  »  Isaac
  »  Ishmael
  »  Lot
  »  Abraham
  »  Salih
  »  Hood
  »  Idris
  »  Noah
  »  Adam
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What is Islam

by Shaykh Ahmad Darwish

With the compliments of The Mosque of the Internet

 Back Cover:

IN THE NAME OF THE MERCIFUL, THE MOST
COMPASSIONATE ALLAH, FROM MUHAMMAD, THE
MESSENGER OF ALLAH, TO HERACLIUS, THE
GREATEST OF ROMANS. PEACE BE UPON THOSE
WHO FOLLOW DIVINE GUIDANCE. I THEREFORE
INVITE YOU TO EMBRACE ISLAM, SURRENDER TO
ALLAH TO BE IN PEACE, ALLAH WILL DOUBLY
REWARD YOU, BUT YOU IF TURN AWAY, THE SIN
OF THE ARIANS WILL REST UPON YOU.

"O PEOPLE OF THE SCRIPTURE (JEWS AND
CHRISTIANS) COME TO AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN
US AND YOU, THAT WE SHALL WORSHIP NONE BUT
ALLAH, AND THAT WE SHALL ASCRIBE NO
PARTNER UNTO HIM, AND THAT NONE OF US
SHALL TAKE OTHERS FOR LORDS BESIDE ALLAH.
AND IF THEY TURN AWAY, THEN SAY: BEAR
WITNESS THAT WE ARE MUSLIMS (THOSE WHO
HAVE SURRENDERED UNTO HIM)."

This is the translation of a letter in Arabic
sent in the year 7/628 by the descendant of
the Prophet Abraham, the Prophet Muhammad
who was sent after Prophet Jesus, may Allah
praise and venerate them and grant them
perfect peace.  On April 20, 571 A.C. the
Prophet Muhammad was born. Forty years after
this date he became a Prophet when he
received the Holy Book - Al Qur'an from Allah
via the Angel Gabriel.  The Holy Qur'an
contains 114 chapters, amongst which are
chapters named, Abraham, Mary, Joseph, Noah,
The Prophets, and The Women.

Please give this booklet to someone else.
Thank you.
No copyrights reserved.

If you like to print this booklet in your
organization name, please contact Br. Jafar
Bitaraf, Arrash Laser Print.  Tel.: 716 586
0630 1671 Penfield Rd., Rochester, N.Y. 14625

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To the reader:

We are providing this booklet for your 
information about some of the teachings of
Islam; the religion of absolute submission
to the one God; Allah.

We sincerely hope that you will benefit from

it, and that it may deepen your knowledge
and increase your interest in Islam.   
We would be very pleased to send copies of
this booklet to any of your friends who
might be interested. Just give them a copy of
this file.

Yours in Brotherhood

Dear Brothers and Sisters,

In an age torn by hatred, war and strife
among the races, many of us look back to
religion for guidance to peace and
brotherhood and are disappointed when we
find in most of them intolerance and
narrowness of spirituality.

However, man has changed this original
teaching of Oneness and developed out of
numerous mutually antagonistic sects.  As
Allah says in the Holy Qur'an, the
revelation of Allah to Prophet Muhammad,
praise and peace be upon him: "Surely this
your brotherhood is a single brotherhood,
and I am your Lord, so keep your duty unto
Me.  But they (mankind) split themselves up
in sects, each party rejoicing in its own
tenets."  Chapter 23:52-53.

Islam still preserves this teaching of the
Oneness of God and the brotherhood of all
mankind.  Islam seeks to implement this
spirit among all races, and yet, at the same
time, remains tolerant and respectful of all
other heavenly religions and their
followers who share the belief in the One
and only God.  The Holy Qur'an teaches:
"There is no compulsion in religion. The
right direction stands out clearly from
error.  Whoever rejects false dei- ties and
believes in Allah has grasped a firm
handhold that never breaks, and Allah hears
and knows all things." Chapter 2:256

THE MEANING OF ISLAM

It is false to call Islam Muhammadanism, as
has been done so frequently in the West.  We
have already pointed out that Muslims
believe that Islam is the eternal message
which Allah sent to all prophets, peace be
upon them, from the dawn of mankind, and not
a new belief which began with the Prophet 
Muhammad, praise and peace be upon him.

Muslims call their religion Islam, and the
Arabic word Islam implies the attainment of
peace through submission to Allah. The word 
Muslim is an adjective derived from the
noun Islam, and implies one who has peace
within himself from his submission to Allah.

Muslims believe in the One, Eternal God, Who
created the heavens and the earth and all
that exists.  In Arabic, God is called Allah.
There is absolutely no difference between
Allah and the God of Abraham, Moses and
Jesus, peace be upon them all. Muslims do
not believe that Prophet Muhammad was the
only Prophet; rather they believe that he
was the last of the Prophets of the Old and
New Testaments.  The Holy Qur'an is the
revealed and sacred scripture of Islam, and
it teaches: "Say (O Muslims), "We believe in
Allah and what has been revealed to us and
what was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael
and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that
which  Moses and Jesus received, and that
which the Prophets received from their
Lord.  We make no distinction between any of
them and unto Him have we surrendered."
Chapter 2:136.

SOME BASIC BELIEFS OF ISLAM

The most fundamental concept of Islam and
the fountainhead of all its other principles
and practices is the Oneness of God -
tawhiid.  Islam is monotheism in its purest
form, and the logic of pure monotheism is
the thread which runs through the entire
fabric of the Islamic way of life. Islam
teaches a fundamental difference between
Allah, the Creator and that which He has
created.  The sky, the moon, the stars, the
harmony and perfection of the natural
world, the grace and beauty of the human
body and the excellence of the human mind,
the alternation of day and night, the change
of the seasons, and the mystery of life and
death all point to something beyond,
greater than themselves.  To the believer
these are all signs (ayaat) of Allah.  Islam
teaches that Allah is not to be likened to
anything which He has created. He is
All-Powerful, All-Knowing; He is beyond any
imperfection, and is the fulfillment of all
Perfection.  He is not a substance, nor is
He like any of His creatures. He is not a far
away and distant God, nor is He an
unapproachable ideal.  He is All-Kind, All
Merciful, and All-Compassionate.

Islam teaches that Allah is eternal.  He was
not Himself begotten, nor has He, in turn
begotten a son or a daughter.  Islam rejects
the concept of the incarnation of God, which
is found in Hinduism, Christianity, and other
religions, and believes that the concept of
incarnation limits the concept of God and
destroys the believer's conviction of God's
Activeness and Perfection.

The Qur'an describes Allah being perfect
and active: "Allah, there is no god except
He. The Living, the Everlasting. Neither
dozing nor sleep overtakes Him. To Him
belongs all that is in the heavens and the
earth.  Who is he that shall intercede with
Him except by His permission? He knows what
will be before their hands and what was
behind them.  And they do not comprehend
anything of His knowledge except what He
willed. His Seat surrounds the heavens and
earth.  The preserving of them does not tire
Him.  He is the All-High, the All-Glorious."
Chapter 2:255.

Islam rejects the notion that Jesus, peace
be upon him, was the son of God.  Rather it
honors and respects him as one of the great
messengers and prophets of Allah to the
Children of Israel.

Islam rejects the concept of trinity and
considers it a contradiction of pure
monotheism.  It also rejects the argument
of some Christians that God made Himself
incarnate in Jesus, peace be upon him, so
that God could be known by men, and also
rejects the argument that Jesus, peace be
upon him, died on the cross for mankind's
sins.  To begin with, Islam believes that man
can come to know Allah and feel close to Him
by means of proper prayer, fasting, charity,
pilgrimage, and righteous deeds.  The very
practice of Islam is meant to purify the
believer's soul and to bring him/her closer
to Allah.  With regard to the second
argument, Islam teaches no human being can
bear the burden of another's responsibility.
Allah is very aware of our human
weaknesses and imperfection.  He does not
condemn us because we are created
imperfect; rather He guides us to
self-perfection and He forgives us and
showers His Mercy upon us when we fail and
then ask His forgiveness sincerely.

Muslims believe in the divine origin of the
Old and New Testaments, although Muslims
doubt the historical authenticity of some
parts of the Old and New Testaments and do
not believe them to be exact
representations of what Allah originally
revealed.  The Qur'an upheld this view of
the text of the Old and New Testaments
hundreds of years ago, and in recent years,
this view has been upheld by textual
studies of biblical scholars.  Muslims
believe in the Angels of Allah, and His
Prophets, peace be upon them.  They believe
in the resurrection of the dead at the end
of the world; they believe in the coming of
the Day of Judgement and eternal life in
Paradise or Hell.

Although Muslims believe that Allah is
All-Powerful and maintains complete control
over His creation, they also believe that
Allah has created man with free will and the
ability to choose and act, and that Allah is
just in making man morally responsible for
what man does during his/her lifetime.  It is
false to say that Islam teaches its
followers to resign meekly and passively to
whatever is their fate or destiny.  Rather
Islam challenges the believer to fight
against wrong and oppression and to strive
for the establishment of righteousness and
justice.

---------
We recommend for your reading, "The
Christians" by Bamber Gascoigne, Ph.D.
Harvard University, U.S.A. and Cambridge
University, U.K.  Published by Grenada
Publications, New York.
This work is considered to be the best
academic research in the sources of
Christianity today. He quotes all Christian
authorities. "The Christians" was televised
on the B.B.C. several times.

FAITH IN ACTION

Faith without action is a dead letter.  Islam
teaches us that faith by itself is not
enough until it is transformed into action. 
The Prophet Muhammad, praise and peace be
upon him, said: "Faith does not depend on
raising hopes, but it is something which is
firmly established in the heart and
testified to by action.  Indeed, there are
people who have been deceived by their
hopes, so that they finally leave this world
without merit.  They used to say, 'We have
good expectations from Allah.' Yet they only
deceived themselves.  For had they truly
placed good expectations in Allah, they
would have excelled in good deeds."

Each Muslim is taught that he/she is
personally responsible for his/her own
actions, both in this world and in the next. 
Islam teaches that every individual must
carry the responsibility of his/her own
actions and that no one can carry that
burden for them.

THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN ISLAM

Islam teaches that the woman is not
inherently inferior to man; rather man and
woman are of similar nature.  They both are
equal in intellectual and spiritual capacity.
Furthermore, they are both equally
responsible for their deeds before Allah.

It is also true that Islam regards the woman
as having a primary role to play in the
constitution and running of the family.
Islam places  great emphasis on the role of
the Muslim woman as a wife and particularly
as a mother, and Muslims are often of the
opinion that the best position for the
woman is in the home with her children and
family.  However, the Muslim woman is not
prohibited from leaving her home to pursue
education, a teaching profession, or other
worthwhile and constructive goals which
profit not only her but society as well.  The
Qur'an establishes the spiritual equality
and mutual responsibility of man and woman
in verses like the following: "And whoever
does deeds of righteousness, whether male
or female, and is a believer, such will enter
Paradise, and they will not be wronged even
a small thing like the spot on a date-
stone." Chapter 4:124.

"And their Lord answered them, 'Indeed I
suffer not the work of any worker, male or
female, to be lost.  You are equal to each
other.'" Chapter 3:195.

The relationship of the Muslim man to his
wife is not that of master to slave.  Rather
the entire responsibility of economic
support is placed on the shoulders of the
man alone and he cannot demand of his wife
that she also become economically
productive to support  the family, although
she is able to do this if she desires.

The Qur'an enunciates this responsibility
of men to women in the following verse: "Men
are the protectors and maintainers of
women, for that Allah has preferred one
over the other in bounty, and because they
support them from their means.  So
righteous women are obedient, guarding in
secret what Allah has guarded." Chapter
4:34.

The important point that should be made is
that the religion of Islam has great respect
for the woman.  It does not teach that she
is without a soul or that she is the root of
all evil or that she is inferior to man and
must be kept in seclusion and subjugation. 
It is also worthy of mention that the Qur'an
does not teach that man fell from Paradise
because of the temptation of Eve.  Rather
the Qur'an directs all the responsibility
toward Adam himself, while adding that Allah
turned to Adam in mercy and forgave him his
sin.  Therefore, Adam's sin stops with Adam
himself, and Allah, who is the Beneficent and
the Merciful, does not hold mankind
responsible for the sin of Adam.

We cannot deny that the condition of women 
has at times been regrettable in the Muslim
world, as well as in the rest of the world at
large.  We do not wish to justify these
circumstances, but only to make the point
that they did not originate from the
teachings of Islam itself. Rather they are
the results of short sightedness and human
failures.

BROTHERHOOD AND EQUALITY OF MANKIND

Islam teaches that the human family is one,
that there is no superiority of white over
black or black over white.  Islam rejects
radically all notions of racial prejudice and
teaches that the only basis of distinction
between human beings is their individual
moral qualities.*

The concept of Islamic brotherhood has two
primary dimensions; the relationship of
Muslims to Muslims and the relationship of
Muslims to non-Muslims. As for the first
category Islam teaches that the
brotherhood between all Muslims is to be
absolute and total.  The Arab has no
privileges over the non-Arab, and, since
there is no clergy or 

---------
*In respect to Islamic Jurisprudence and
Muslim Law the famous "Lahai Conference"
1932 - 1948 highly recommended their use
basically for their flexibility,
comprehensiveness and practicability in
modern times.  This was also confirmed by the
Conference of International Lawyers at Paris
in 1951.

priesthood in Islam, all Muslims are
basically equal, from top to bottom, from
rich to poor, from educated to uneducated.

As for the relationships between Muslims
and non-Muslims, the teaching of Islam is
that this is to be a relationship of mutual
respect and particularly of tolerance.  It
is preferable that Muslims and non-Muslims
live in peace, protect each other, and
cooperate with each other. As the Qur'an
says: "There is no compulsion in religion ..."
Chapter 2:256 and "You have your religion
and I have mine."  Chapter 109:6

REASON

Muslims consider their religion to be very
rational and consistent with the dictates
of the believing and reasoning mind. 
Furthermore, the Qur'an teaches that the
rational faculty is one of the greatest
gifts of Allah to man, and it encourages us
to use this faculty and to develop it. Islam
does not ask its followers to believe and
then follow everything blindly and 
unquestioningly.  The Qur'an says, for
instance: "And if you are in doubt about
what We have send down to Our worshipper,
then bring a chapter like it, and call your
witnesses besides Allah, if you are
truthful." Chapter 2:23

Islam encourages reasoning, thought and
personal opinion.  The Prophet, praise and
peace be upon him, said: "The differences of
opinion among the learned of my followers
are Allah's mercy."  Islam has great respect
for learning science and for man's
exploration of the secrets of nature and of
creation.  In fact Allah challenges man on
many occasions in the Qur'an to deepen his
faith, knowledge, and wisdom from study and
contemplation of the natural world, its
harmony, symmetry, and beauty.  For
example: "He it is who created the seven
heavens in harmony.  Never can you see a
lack of symmetry in the creation of the
Compassionate.  So look yet again, can you
perceive any flaw?  Then look again, and
still another time; your vision will return
unto you weakened and dim."  Chapter 67:3-4.

The individual capacities and unique
abilities of people are a gift of Allah, to be
developed, perfected, and used for the
benefit of humanity.  Islam does not try to
crush the individuality of its believers,
but rather to guide each believer to
perfection and purify his own uniqueness.
This multiplicity of expressive and
developed personalities enriches society
and places it on a higher level, like the
beauty of an intricate but unified
arabesque.

ISLAMIC ATTITUDE TOWARDS WAR

In the eyes of some commentators on Islam
in the West, Islam has been portrayed as a
militant religion, a religion of blood, fire,
and sword.  We have already tried to draw
attention to the fundamental concern of
Islam for tolerance and religious freedom,
and have also commented upon the emphasis
Islam places on peace and cooperation
among mankind. However, Islam is a practical
religion, a religion which never ignores for
a single moment the complexities and
demands of the harsh realities and facts of
life.  Islam is fundamentally concerned with
establishing societies in which the rights
of freedom of belief, human rights, and
protection of life, dignity, and property
are secure from both internal and external
threats.  T

Therefore, whereas Islam teaches its
followers to be merciful and inclined toward
forgiveness and peace even in times of war,
it never teaches them to turn the other
cheek. However good the philosophy of "turn
the other cheek" may be for private
individual and small day to day affairs, it
spells social suicide if it is implemented by
society as an absolute value.

Islam therefore stipulates principles which
Muslims are to follow before, during, and
after war.  Peace is to be established on
the basis of justice.  Muslims are not to be
aggressive or to violate treaties which
they have concluded with others, but war is
to be waged in defence of the Muslim
community and what it stands for.  During
war, there is to be no killing of civilians
and those who do no participate directly in
the war.  Prisoners are to be treated
humanely.  Destruction of lands, fruit
trees, animals, and towns and villages is to
be avoided.  Muslims are to be inclined to
peace if the enemy is truthfully inclined to
peace, and they are to make treaties and
agreements to preserve that peace and
then observe those treaties as long as the
enemy observes them.  The concept of
"jihad" is one of the highest concepts in
Islam.  The term has at times been
translated as "Holy War".  However, this
translation is  incomplete for Jihad also
means by language "struggling."  It is a
concept which places great emphasis on
activism and self-sacrifice, although it
does not apply to sacrifice in war alone. 
For example the Prophet, praise and peace
be upon him, said, that the greatest jihad is
the striving of the Muslim to purify himself. 
The lesser jihad consists of all the
striving the Muslim does in his external
life, charity, righteous living and acts, the
constant effort to achieve the Right Path
in his dealings with his fellow men.  This is
true striving in the Way of Allah.

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

Islam sets down five principle duties which
are obligatory upon all Muslims, and form
the structure, or pillars, of his/her life.
They are:

1. Belief in the Oneness of Allah, and the
bearing of witness to this belief by the
words: "I bear witness that there is no god
except Allah, and that Muhammad is His
Prophet and Messenger."

2. The five daily prayers at dawn, noon,
afternoon, sunset and nightfall.  These five
daily prayers help one to develop Allah
consciousness in his/her everyday life. 
The importance of these cannot be over
emphasized. They are a constant reminder to
the worshipper of the Presence and Power
of Allah and help the worshipper to keep
himself from deviating from the Right Path.

3. The bestowal of charity on one's fellow
man.  Islam places great emphasis on
generosity and charity as a means of
purifying one's soul and getting closer to
Allah.  The Muslim is enjoined to give
voluntarily whenever he/she can; however,
he/she is required each year to pay an
obligatory charity tax of two and a half
percent of his/her annual net earnings that
exceed necessities, to go to the poor and
the needy, etc.  The Zakat - charity - thus
enables the Muslim community to take care
of all its members and insures that no  one
will be deprived of his/her basic human
right to exist.

4. Fasting during the ninth month of the
lunar year "Ramadan." This fast is enjoined
upon Muslims of good health and sound body
who have attained the age of physical
maturity and are not prevented from
performing the fast by various
circumstances like travel, sickness, mental
illness, or specifically in the case of
women, menstruation, or childbirth. The fast
of Ramadan begins at dawn and last until
sunset. During this period the Muslim
abstains from eating, and drinking, sexual
activity and smoking.  Fasting teaches self
discipline and control, while purifying the
soul and body and strengthening one's
consciousness of Allah.

5. The pilgrimage to Mecca.  The pilgrimage
is required of all Muslims at least once
during their lifetime, if they have the
financial means.  The annual pilgrimage to
Mecca is one of the greatest events of the
Muslim world, uniting Muslims from every
race and from every corner of the world.
This is a great experience in the life of a
Muslim which enables him to draw himself
closer to Allah.  We would like to remind the
reader that the Holy Mosque in Mecca was
built by Prophet Abraham and his son, the
Prophet Ishmail, peace be upon them. 

WHO IS A MUSLIM?

Since there is no priesthood in Islam, no
clergy and no official religious institution,
all one has to do to become a Muslim is to be
personally convinced of the truth of what
Islam teaches and bear witness that "There
is no god except Allah, and that Muhammad is
His Prophet."

One of the great beauties of Islam is its
simplicity, its naturalness, and its lack of
formalities. Islam is the religion of Adam
and of mankind in its earliest and most
advanced stages of development.  Allah says
in the Holy Qur'an: "So set your face to the
religion of Islam as a man by nature upright,
the nature of Allah with which He has
inspired mankind and molded them.  There is
no changing to the creation of Allah.  That
is the right religion, but most men know
not." Chapter 30:30.

THE BENEFIT OF EMBRACING ISLAM

Among the many benefits of embracing Islam
are that once you bear witness that: "There
is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is His
Prophet," all your past sins are forgiven
and all your past sins are transformed into
merits!  You also receive the reward of
believing the religion of the Prophet Jesus,
if you are a Christian, or Prophet Moses, if
you are a Jew, and the religion of Prophet
Muhammad, which means that you receive two
rewards.

ADDRESSES OF INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC
CENTERS: 

EGYPT: Sunni Headquarters. Office of Shaykh
Al-Azhar, Cairo.
U.K. The Islamic Cultural Center, 146 Park
Rd, Regents Park,   London NW2 4JD.
FRANCE: La Mosque du Paris, Rue Quatre,
Foges, Paris. ITALY: Centro Islamico
Culturale d'Italia, Via Caselle 51,00100
     Roma.
GERMANY: Islamisches Zentrum, 8 Munchen 45,
     Wallnerstrasse 1 - 3.
SWITZERLAND: Islamic Literature Trust,
Geneva Cornavin 253,Geneva.
JAPAN: Islamic Center, Japan Naka 2-22-34
Kunitachi, Tokyo. U.S.A. Islamic Center of
Greater Toledo 25877 Scheider Rd,
     Perrysburg, Ohio 43551

BOOKS & RESEARCH OF INTEREST

There have been many translations of the
meaning of the Holy Qur'an by western
orientalists which we do not recommend
because, in some cases they have been
distorted and deliberately mistranslated. 
However, there are some good translations.

These are the most recommended:

1. THE HOLY QUR'AN The meaning translated
by Yusuf Ali. Available from your local
Mosque.

2. AL QUR'AN The translation of the meaning
with explanation by Ahmad ibn ed-Darweesh.
Please contact the Mosque of the Internet

3. THE MEANING OF THE GLORIOUS QUR'AN by
Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by
Mentor Books, available from your local
Mosque.

AL HADITHS by Al Haj Maulana Fazlul Karim.
An English translation and commentary on
Mishkat-ul Masabih. This book contains the
sayings, actions and teachings of Prophet
Muhammad, praise and peace be upon him, and
the events before and after the
resurrection. (Publisher below.)

GHAZALI'S IHYA ULUM ID-DIN translated by Al
Haj Maulana Fazlul Karim. Five volumes.
This, and the preceding references are
available from F.K. Islamic Mission Trust, 18
Bakshi Bazar Rd. Dacca 1, Bangladesh.  Both
sets are reasonably price. We would like to
refer you to the works of Al Ghazali as an
introduction to Islam. To quote the Shorter
Encyclopedia of Islam, "Al Ghazali was the
most original thinker that Islam has
produced and its greatest theologian".
Prof. A.J. Arberry, Director of the Middle
East Center at  the University of Cambridge
said in his book "Aspects of Islamic
Civilization" page 214, that Al Ghazali, was
"One of the greatest mystical theologians
of Islam and indeed of all mankind."

INTRODUCTION TO ISLAM, by Muhammad
Hamidullah, Publications de Centre Cultural
Islamique, Paris.  

GESCHICHTE DES ARABISCHEN SHRITTUMS  by
Faut Sezgin, the second chapter concerns
the science of Prophetic traditions -
Hadiths.

ISLAM IN FOCUS  by Dr. Abdul Aty. Kazi
Publications, Chicago, Illinois.  

ISLAM OUR CHOICE, the offices of Islamic
Literature Trust, Geneva Cornavin, 253
Geneva, Switzerland.

ISLAMIC SELECTIONS, by Ahmad Dedat - also
other FREE LITERATURE available from The
Islamic Propagation Centre, 45/47/49
Madressa Arcade, Durban 4001, South Africa.

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