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                            THE HOLLOW EARTH

                             [Part 7 of 15]

               
               The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History

                  By Dr. Raymond Bernard  B.A., M.A. Ph.D.



                               Chapter IV

        MARSHALL B. GARDNER'S BOOK, "A JOURNEY TO THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
                 OR HAVE THE POLES REALLY BEEN DISCOVERED?"

   Marshall B. Gardner spent twenty years in research, based on the 
reports of Arctic explorers, supplemented by astronomical evidence, 
before publishing, in 1920, his great book, "A Journey to the Earth's 
Interior or Have the Poles Ever Been Discovered?" He did not seem to 
know about Reed's book and theory, so that both men developed their 
theories independently.  Gardner's great contribution is the theory 
of a central sun, which is the source of the higher temperature in the
region of the polar orifice and the aurora borealis, which Reed 
attributes to volcanic eruptions. A central sun as a source of heat 
and light makes possible the existence of plant and animal life in 
the earth's interior, also human life, in which Reed believed to be 
a fact, but could not explain according to his theory, which did not 
include a central sun as a source of light, without which there could 
be no life.

    Gardner also claims, and in his book presents astronomical evidence 
to prove, that not only the earth, but all planets of the solar system, 
have hollow interiors and central suns, which he traces to their 
original formation from a whirling nebula. 

    As a result of centrifugal force, their rotation during their early 
formation when yet molten caused their heavier constituents to be 
thrown toward the outside, forming a solid crust on the outer surface of 
each planet and leaving the interior hollow, while a portion of the 
original fire remained in the center to form the central sun. Also the 
force of their rotation and movements through space caused openings to
form at their polar extremities.

    Why have Reed's and Gardner's books become so rare that it is 
practically impossible to obtain copies; and they are not found in most 
libraries. Because they prove that there exists a large area not recorded 
on any map, which is not only equal to, but perhaps greater than the 
entire land area of the earth's surface - this uncharted land area being 
on the inside of the earth's crust. Naturally any government that 
learned about this vast territory would have ambitions to be the first 
to discover it and claim it, for which reason it would make every effort 
to keep this information secret, so that no other government might 
learn about it and claim this territory first. Since the United States 
Government was the first to learn about it as a result of the visit of 
Admiral Byrd, who flew for 1,700 miles into this "mysterious land beyond 
the Pole," which is not shown on any map, and saw mountains, forests,
green vegetation, rivers, lakes and animals there, we can understand 
the reason for secrecy and why the books of two American writers Reed 
and Gardner, were suppressed and forgotten, in order to guard this secret.


                   EVIDENCE FROM ARCTIC EXPLORATION

    Gardner's book is 450 pages in length. With fifty books, chiefly 
on Arctic exploration, in his bibliography, he was most thorough in 
his research. Gardner claimed that the earth is a hollow shell 
approximately 800 miles thick in its crust, with an opening at the 
polar end approximately 1,400 miles across. He says that the mammoth 
comes from the interior and is still living there, and the huge 
tropical animals found frozen in ice in the polar region were not 
prehistoric but were animals from the interior that came to the surface 
and were frozen in ice when they did. 

   In support of his theory of a polar opening and a central sun in 
the hollow interior of the earth, Gardner points out that birds and 
animals migrate to the north in winter to find warmer weather. He also 
notes that when explorers go north of 80 degrees north latitude, they 
find the water to become warmer due to warm currents coming from the 
polar region, and the air becomes warmer due to warm winds from the 
north These cause the open sea, in place of ice, in the extreme north. 
They also find red pollen on icebergs and glaciers, and find logs and 
other debris washed ashore by these warm currents from the north. 
Gardner summarizes the evidence in favor of his theory of a hollow 
earth with two polar openings and a central sun as follows:

    "How do scientists explain the fact that when we go north it 
    becomes colder up to a certain point and then begins to get warm? 
    How do they explain the further fact that the source of this 
    warmth is not any influence from the south but a series of currents 
    of warm water and of warm winds from the north - supposed to be a
    land of solid ice? Where can these currents come from? How could 
    they come from anything else but an open sea? And why should there 
    be a warm open sea at the very place where scientists expect to 
    find eternal ice? Where could this warm water possibly come from?

    "Why also should explorers find the inhospitable ice cliffs of the 
    far north covered in large areas with the red pollen of an unknown 
    plant? And why should they find the seeds of tropical plants 
    floating in these waters - when they are not found in more southern 
    waters? How should logs and branches of trees, sometimes with fresh 
    buds  on them be found in these waters, all being borne down by the 
    warm currents from the north?
    
    "Why should the northern parts of Greenland be the world's greatest 
    habitat of the mosquito, an insect which is only found in warm 
    countries ? How could it have gotten to Greenland if it came from 
    the south? Where do all the foxes and hares go which are seen 
    traveling north in Greenland? Where did the bears go? Was it 
    possible that such large creatures as bears could find sustenance 
    on plains of eternal ice?

    "How do scientists explain the fact that practically every 
    competent explorer from the earlier days down to Nansen has admitted 
    that when he got to the Far North his theories of what he should 
    find failed to work and his methods of finding his positions also 
    failed to work? How do scientists explain these passages from Nansen
    which we have quoted, showing that he was absolutely lost in the 
    Arctic region?

    "How do scientists explain the migrations of those birds which 
    appear in England and other northern countries one part of the year, 
    in the tropics in another part of the year, but disappear entirely 
    in the winter? How do they explain the fact that neither Peary nor  
    Cook was able to prove the claim of reaching the north pole. Even 
    supposing both men to have acted in good faith is it not obvious 
    that both were lost? How else explain the discrepancies in Peary's 
    own narrative?

    "Why, says  the reader, did Peary not discover that immense orifice 
    at the polar extremity of the earth if it was there?

    "The reason is very simple and can best be explained by asking 
    another question.

    "Why did not man discover by looking around him, that he was living 
    on the surface of what is, practically speaking, an immense sphere 
    (to be exact spheroid)? And why did man for centuries think that the 
    earth was flat? Simply because the sphere was so large that he could 
    not see the curvature but thought it was a flat surface, and that he 
    should be able to move all over the surface of it appeared so natural 
    that, when scientists first told him it was a sphere he began to 
    wonder why he did not fall off, or at least, if he lived in the 
    Northern Hemisphere, he wondered why the Australians did not fall 
    off - for he had no conception of the law of gravity.

    "Now, in the case of the polar explorers the same thing is true. 
    They sail up to the outer edge of the immense polar opening, but 
    that opening is so vast, considering that the crust of the earth 
    over which it curves is eight hundred miles thick, that the downward 
    curvature of its edge is not perceptible to them, and its diameter
    is so great - about 1,400 miles - that its other side is not visible 
    to them. So, if an explorer went far enough he could sail right over 
    that edge, down over the seas of the inner world and out through the 
    Antarctic orifice, and all that would show him what he had done would 
    be that as soon as he got inside he would see a smaller sun than he 
    was accustomed to - only to him it might look larger owing to its 
    closeness - and he would not be able to take any observations by 
    the stars because there would be neither stars nor even a night in 
    which to see them.
    
    "But, says the reader, would not the force of gravity pull the 
    explorer who got inside the orifice away from the surface into the 
    central sun; for does not gravity pull everything to the center of 
    the earth?
    
    "The answer to this is, that in gravitational pull it is not the 
    geometrical position that counts. Center, in the geometrical sense 
    of the word, does not apply. It is the mass that attracts. And if 
    the great mass of the earth is in its thick shell, it is the mass 
    of that shell that will attract, and not a mere geometrical point 
    which is not in the shell at all, but 2900 miles away from it, as 
    is the approximate distance between the central sun and the inner 
    surface of the earth. As a matter of fact it is the equal 
    distribution of the force of gravity all through the shell that 
    keeps the sun suspended in the spot which is equidistant from every 
    part of the shell. When we are on the outside of the shell it is 
    the mass of the shell that attracts us to its surface. When we go 
    over to the inside of the shell that same force will still keep 
    our feet solidly planted on the inner surface.
    
    "We shall see all that when we explore the Arctic in earnest, as we 
    shall easily be able to do with the aid of airships. And when once 
    we have seen it we shall wonder why it was that for so long we were 
    blind to evidence which, as is shown in this book, has been before 
    men's eyes for practically a whole century and over."

    Twenty-seven years after Gardner wrote this, Admiral Byrd did exactly 
what he hoped would be done.  He flew by airplane into the north polar 
opening for 1700 miles and came to a land of trees, as Gardner believed 
would exist there, and also a warmer climate, as shown by the rivers, 
lakes, vegetation and animal life he observed there.

    Gardner writes: "That the musk-ox is not the only animal to be found 
    where we should hardly expect it, is evident from a note in Hayes' 
    diary. When he was in latitude 78 degrees, 17 minutes, early in July, 
    he said: `I secured a yellow-winged butterfly, and - who would believe 
    it - a mosquito. And also ten moths, three spiders, two bees and two 
    flies.'"

    Since these insects are not found further south, a land of ice and 
snow, the only explanation Gardner could offer for their origin is that 
they came from the interior of the earth through the polar opening.

    Hayes' observations of insect life in the extreme north were 
confirmed by Greely, in his book "Three Years of Arctic Service," 
describing his observations in the Arctic, begun in 1881. In the preface 
to his book, Greely tells us that the wonders of the Arctic regions are 
so great that he was forced to modify his actual notes made at the time, 
and understated them rather than lay himself open to the suspicion of 
exaggerating.  That the Arctic regions are so full of life and strange
evidence of life farther north, that an explorer cannot describe it 
without being accused of exaggerating is surely a very strange thing if 
these regions only lead to a barren land of everlasting ice, as 
according to older geographical theories.

    Greely reports birds of an unknown species, butterflies, flies and 
temperatures of 47 to 50 degrees, also plenty of willow to make fires, 
and much fresh driftwood. He found two flowers different from any that 
he had ever seen.

    In many pages of astronomical evidence, Gardner discusses the 
bright lights seen shining from the polar caps of Mars, Venus and 
Mercury, and concludes that these planets all have central suns and 
polar openings. He claims that the earth has the same and that the 
aurora borealis results from the projection of the rays of the central 
sun, passing through the polar opening, on the night sky. Gardner 
summarizes the evidence in favor of his theory as follows:

    "As explorers go north of about 80 degrees north latitude, they 
    find that the water, instead of becoming colder in the same ratio 
    in which it had been getting colder as they left the temperate zone, 
    gradually begins to get warm again, and they find that this warmth 
    is brought down from the so-called frozen north in a warm current  
    flowing  from the polar regions.  Furthermore they find that birds
    and animals migrate to the north to feed and breed, instead of to 
    the south. In fact, when they get into really high latitudes, 
    explorers find a greater wealth of animal and vegetable life than 
    they do in the lower latitudes of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.

    "And as they are sailing to these northern regions they find, 
    scattered on the icebergs and glaciers, the red pollen of plants 
    that grow - where? Only in the interior of the earth.  And they find 
    logs and other debris of the land washed down in these warm currents  
    just spoken of. And this is not all. In our chapter on the mammoth 
    and mastodon we shall adduce evidence to show that the mammoth still 
    lives in the interior - in fact we shall exhibit case after case 
    where the mammoth has floated out from the interior incased in 
    glaciers and icebergs and has been frozen in crevasses in the  
    interior near the polar openings, and then carried over the lip by 
    glacial movement into Siberia."

    In addition to driftwood found in the extreme north, whose origin, 
according to Gardner, could only be the earth's interior, there is 
found trees with green buds in the Arctic seas. Seeds of unknown 
tropical species have also been found drifting down in the northern 
currents, coming from the north, not the south. Among these was the 
seed of the entada bean, a tropical seed, which was found by a Swedish 
expedition near Trurengerg Bay. Gardner comments: 

    "This seed must have come from the interior of the earth, for it is 
    of a tree that only grows under tropical conditions, and it would 
    have been disintegrated had it been drifting all over the world for 
    many months, as would be the case if it had come up from the 
    tropical regions of the exterior of the planet."

    Sverdrup found so many hares around 81 degrees north latitude that one 
inlet was called Hare Fjord.  There was also enough other game to keep 
the whole exploring party well fed with meat.

    Captain Beechey saw so many birds on the west coast of Spitzbergen 
that the place reverberated with their cries from dawn till dark. The 
little auk were so numerous and so close together that sometimes a 
single shot killed thirty of them. With sixteen birds to a cubic yard, 
there were about four million of them. Rotgers were so numerous as to 
darken the sky, and their chorus could be heard for four miles.  There 
were also reindeer and ducks. There were four varieties of seagulls over 
the surrounding ocean, plus fish and amphibious animals, from the huge 
whale to the minute clio on which it feeds, swallowing perhaps a million 
with each mouthful.

    Franklin saw large numbers of geese migrating to the unknown north, 
at a high latitude, indicating land there. He notes that no matter how 
far north the explorer goes, he always finds the polar bear ahead of 
him. No matter how far north these bears are met, they are always on 
their way north.

    At latitude 82, Kane found butterflies, bees and flies, as well as 
wolves, foxes, bears, geese, ducks, water-fowls and partridges. A 
strange fact all explorers observe is that animals do not migrate south 
to escape the cold Arctic winter, but instead go north.
    
    Commander McClure explored Banks Land and found immense quantities 
of trees thrown in layers by glacious action, which evidently brought 
them from the north. In one ravine he found a pile of trees closely packed, 
to a height of forty feet. While some wood was petrified, much of it was 
of recent origin. These trees were found far beyond the latitude where 
trees grow.
    
    Nansen was puzzled by this driftwood which is continually found along 
the Greenland  coast.  He said that as far north as latitude 86 degrees 
he found such driftwood.
    
    Gardner says that it is the unanimous testimony of explorers that 
"the further north you go, the more animal life there is, a complete 
proof that there is in the far north a great asylum of refuge where 
every creature can breed in peace and with plenty of food. And from 
that region must come also those evidences of vegetable life that 
explorers have repeatedly seen, the red pollen of plants that drifts 
out on favorable breezes and colors whole icebergs and glacier sides 
with a ruddy tinge, those seeds and buds and branches, and most 
impressive of all, those representatives of races of animals that yet 
live on in the interior, although they have disappeared from the 
outside of the earth. (Gardner here refers to mammoths found frozen in
ice.)

    "What a veritable paradise of animal and vegetable life that must 
    be: And perhaps for some sort of human life, also, it is a land of 
    perpetual ease and peace. The Eskimo people who are still living 
    there will have been modified from the type that we see on the 
    outer surface.  Their life will be easier, as they will have no
    cold climates and food scarcities to contend with. Like the 
    inhabitants of some of our tropical islands, they will reflect 
    the ease of their lives in easy-going and lovable temperaments.  
    They  will be... eaters of many fruits and other vegetable 
    products unknown to us. When we penetrate their land we shall 
    find growing almost to the inner edge of the polar opening those 
    trees of which we have seen so many drifting trunks and branches. 
    
    "We shall find, nesting perhaps in those trees, perhaps in the 
    rocks around the inner polar regions the knots and swans and wild 
    geese and ross-gulls that we have so often seen in the preceding 
    pages, flying to the north to escape the rigors of climate which 
    we in our ignorance have for so long supposed to be worse in the 
    north than elsewhere."
    
    Speaking of Nansen, who reached further north than any other 
explorer, Ottmar Kaub comments: "Marshall B. Gardner was right when 
he wrote his book in 1920. On August 3, 1894, Dr. Fritzjof-Nansen was 
the first man in history to reach the interior of the earth. Dr. Nansen 
got lost and admitted it. He was surprised at the warm weather there. 
When he found a fox track, he knew he was lost.
    
    "How could a fox track be there, he wondered. Had he known that he 
    had entered the opening that leads to the hollow interior of the 
    earth and that this was the reason why, the further north he went, 
    the warmer it became, he would have found not only fox tracks but  
    later tropical birds and other animals, and finally the human 
    inhabitants of this `land beyond the Pole,' into which Admiral 
    Byrd penetrated for 1,700 miles by plane and which completely 
    mystified him."

                         
                         [End of Part 7 of 15]

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