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THE HOLLOW EARTH
[Part 6 of 15]
The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History
By Dr. Raymond Bernard B.A., M.A. Ph.D.
Chapter III
WILLIAM REED'S BOOK, "PHANTOM OF THE POLES"
Presenting Scientific Evidence, Based on Arctic
Exploration, to Prove for the First Time that the
Earth is Hollow With Openings at the Poles.
In 1906 appeared the first book to offer scientific proof that old
geographical conceptions about the earth's structure are false and that
the earth, instead of being a solid sphere, as commonly assumed, is
really hollow, with openings at the poles. Were this a book created
from the author's imagination, it might be disregarded as a work of
science fiction - but since the book is based on an extensive
bibliography representing the reports of Arctic explorers, it must be
taken more seriously.
This book was published in New York and written by William Reed. Its
title was "The Phantom of the Poles," and claimed the Poles were never
discovered because they do not exist. Where the North and South Poles
are supposed to be located, Reed claims are huge polar openings in which
the Poles are in the center, for which reason they can never be reached
by any explorer.
Reed's book was written fourteen years before that of Marshall Gardner,
who claimed that not only was the earth hollow but that there was a
central sun at its center. Reed, however, did not include this central
sun in his theory, but believed that the higher temperature in the
region of the Poles is due to burning volcanoes at the polar openings,
which are the origin of the dust that Arctic explorers noticed there. We
now quote from Reed's book. On page 282 he says:
"The earth is either hollow or it is not. What proof have we that it
is not hollow? None at all that is positive and circumstantial. On
the contrary, everything points to its being hollow. If it be so, and
if there are burning volcanoes in the interior, would you not see
great lights reflected on the icebergs and clouds, just as other
great fires reflect the light? Would not great clouds of smoke and dust
be seen - the same as from any other burning volcano? That is what all
the explorers have witnessed - low dark clouds rising from the ocean,
or at the edge of the ice. Nansen (an Arctic explorer) said: `Let us
go home: What have we here to stay for? Nothing but dust, dust, dust!'
"Where could such dust come from - so bad that it was one of the
great annoyances in the heart of the Arctic Ocean, if it did not come
from an exploding, burning volcano (in the polar opening) ?
"If the earth be hollow, would it not be warmer in winter and cooler
in summer (as we enter the polar opening)? Arctic explorers say that
a north wind in winter raises the temperature, while a south wind
lowers it. As an opposite fact, in summer a south wind raises the
temperature, while north wind lowers it. That is just what would
occur if the winds come from the interior of the earth. Again, if the
earth is hollow, it could not be round, in as much as the opening would
take from its roundness in proportion to the size of the opening. All
now agree that the earth flattens at the poles. Also it is warmer the
further one goes north or south. Why is this the case?
"There is but one answer, and that is that the earth is hollow, and is
warmer in the interior than on the exterior. As the wind passes out in
the winter, it warms the atmosphere. If the earth is solid, neither
science nor reason can furnish any rational theory why it should be
warmer as one passes north. Every known theory is against such a
conclusion. As soon as you adopt the belief that the earth is hollow,
perplexing questions will be easily solved, the mind will be satisfied,
and the triumph of sensible reasoning will come as a delight never to
be forgotten.
"This volume is not written to entertain those who read for amusement,
but to establish and prove, as far as proof can be established and
proved, certain mighty truths hitherto not comprehended. One key will
unlock all these mysteries. The problems to be solved are the following:
" 1. Why is the earth flattened at the poles?
" 2. Why have the poles never been reached?
" 3. Why is the sun invisible so long in winter near the
farthest points north or south?
" 4. What causes the Aurora Borealis?
" 5. Where are the icebergs formed and how?
" 6. What produces the many tidal waves in the Arctic?
" 7. Why do meteors fall more frequently near the Poles and from
where do they come?
" 8. What causes the great ice pressure in the Arctic Ocean during
still tide and calm weather?
" 9. Why is there colored snow in the Arctic region?
"10. Why is it warmer near the Poles than 600 to 1,000 miles away
from them?
"11. Why is ice in the Arctic Ocean frequently filled with rock,
gravel, sand, etc. ?
"12. Why does the compass refuse to work near the Poles?
"Should I be able to give reasonable answers to the above questions -
answers that will satisfy any intelligent person - the public will
admit, I believe, that I have fulfilled my task.
"I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the brave men who have
spent their time, comfort and, in many cases, have given their lives,
so that all may know the truth and geography of this wonderful planet
Through their reports I am able to prove my theory that the earth is
not only hollow, but suitable in its interior to sustain human life
with as little discomfort as on its exterior, and can be made
accessible to mankind with one-fourth the outlay of money, time and
life that it costs to build the subway in New York City. The number
of people who can settle in this new world (if not already occupied)
will be billions.
"I claim that the earth is not only hollow, but that all, or nearly
all, of the explorers who spent much of their time past the rim of
the polar opening have had a look into the interior of the earth.
When Lieutenant Greely was beholding the mock sun at 120 degrees
latitude, he was looking into our sister world in the earth's
interior."
Reed answers the above questions as follows:
"1. Why is the earth flattened at the Poles? As the earth is hollow,
it could not be round, is the answer. The opening to the interior
would detract from its roundness in proportion to the size of the
opening.
" 2. Why have the Poles never been reached? Because no Poles exist
in the sense usually understood.
" 3. Why does the sun not appear for so long a time in winter near
the supposed Poles? Because during the winter the sun strikes the
earth obliquely near the Poles. As one passes over the rim of the
polar opening and approaches the earth's interior, one sinks inward
into the hollow interior. The sun's rays are in this way cut off, and
do not appear again until they strike that part of the earth more
directly and shine down into the opening. This explains why nights
are so long in the far north.
"4. Assuming that the earth is hollow, the interior should be warmer.
We will furnish evidence to prove that it is warmer. The ones who
have explored the furthest north will be the best judges.
"5. Meteors are constantly falling near the supposed poles. Why?
If the earth be solid, no one can answer this question. If the earth
is hollow, it is easily answered. Some volcano is in eruption in the
interior of the earth, and from it rocks are thrown into the air.
Vast quantities of dust are constantly found in the Arctic Ocean.
What causes this dust? The volcanic eruptions. The dust has been
analyzed and found to consist of carbon and iron, which must come
from some volcano in the polar opening.
" 6. What produces the aurora borealis? It is a reflection of a
fire within the interior of the earth. (According to Marshall B.
Gardner, this fire is the central sun, whose rays project through
the polar opening on the night sky, and the changing forms and
streamers of the aurora borealis are due to passing clouds cutting
off its rays.)
" 7. Where are the icebergs formed? And how? The answer is as
follows: In the interior of the earth, where it is warm, rivers flow
to the surface through the polar opening. When they reach the
outside, in the Arctic Circle, where it is very cold, the mouth of
the rivers freezes forming icebergs. This continues for months, until,
due to the warmer weather in summer and the warmth from the earth, the
icebergs are thawed loose and are washed into the ocean. (The fact
that icebergs are formed from fresh water, not salty ocean water,
proves this theory.)
" 8. What causes tidal waves in the Arctic? They are started by
icebergs leaving the place where they are formed, and plunging into
the ocean. This answer is given because nothing else can produce even
a fraction of the commotion of a monster iceberg when it plunges into
the sea.
"9. What causes colored snow in the Arctic region? There are two
causes. The red, green and yellow snow are caused by a vegetable
matter permeating the air with such density that when it falls with
the snow it colors it. This vegetable matter is supposed to be the
blossom or pollen of a plant. As it does not grow on earth, one can
naturally believe that it grows in the interior and came out through
the polar opening. Black snow, often noticed, is caused by black dust,
consisting of carbon and iron, and comes from a burning volcano. As
no burning volcano is near the Arctic Ocean, it must be in the
interior of the earth.
"10. Why is the ice filled with rock, gravel and sand? These
substances came from an exploding volcano near where the iceberg is
formed.
"By treating the earth as hollow, we have the solution of all the
great mysteries - such as tidal waves, ice pressures, colored snow,
open Arctic Ocean, warmer north, icebergs, flattening of the earth
at the Poles, and why the Poles have not been found, the supernatural
giving way to the natural, as it always does with understanding and
relief comes to mind and body.
"The earth is hollow. The Poles so long sought are but phantoms.
There are openings at the northern and southern extremities. In the
interior are vast continents, oceans, mountains and rivers. Vegetable
and animal life are evident in this new world, and it is probably
peopled by races yet unknown to dwellers upon the earth's exterior."
In support of his theory of a hollow earth, Reed offers the following
evidence:
LONG ABSENCE OF SUNLIGHT DURING LONG ARCTIC WINTERS. Reed summarizes
the experience of Arctic explorers who very quickly passed from the region
of sunshine into the region of long nights, or the opposite. In the far
north the sun is absent for abnormally long periods of time, which could
not be the case if the earth was round and solid, or even just slightly
flattened at the poles. The only explanation is that these explorers
entered into the opening at the North Pole; and as they entered, the
sun's rays were cut off from them, to reappear only when it was high
enough in the sky to shine in.
ABNORMAL WORKlNG OF THE COMPASS IN THE FAR NORTH. This was observed
by all explorers who reached very far north. This strange action of the
compass is exactly what should be the case if the earth is hollow and if
they entered into the polar opening. In his book Reed has a drawing of a
cross-section of the polar opening with ships sailing both in and out.
When the ship enters the polar opening, the needle of the compass assumes
a vertical position, instead of horizontal, as it does on top of the
earth's surface. This is due to entering the polar opening. This is
exactly what explorers found to occur in the far north. They found that
as they approached the pole, the needle of the compass becomes restless,
and when one goes far enough north, assumes a vertical position,
indicating that one has then entered the polar opening, as occurred with
Nansen and others.
PASSING OVER THE RIM OF THE POLAR OPENING INTO THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -
Reed says on this subject:
"Whenever the explorers pass into the interior, they meet such
different conditions that they are puzzled to account for them.
Therefore it is no wonder that they call it a strange land. Everyone
who has spent considerable time in the Arctic or Antarctic Circles
has met with conditions unexplainable according to the theory that
the earth is round and solid - but which find an easy explanation
according to the theory that it is hollow with openings at the
poles. Greely's description of passing around the curve into the
polar opening is exceedingly good and clear. He says:
"`The deep interest with which we had hitherto pursued our journey
was now greatly intensified. The eye of civilized man had never
seen, or his feet trodden, the ground over which we were traveling.
A strong, earnest desire to press forward at our best speed seized
us all. As we neared each projecting spur of the lands ahead, our
eagerness to see what was beyond became so intense at times as to
be painful. Each point we reached brought a new landscape in sight,
and always in advance was a point which cut off a portion of the
horizon and caused a certain disappointment.'
"If Greely and his companions were entering into the interior of
the earth, they would certainly find that the earth has a greater
curve near the poles than at any other place; and as they passed
over and around the farthest point north, each projection reached
would be followed by another which always seemed to take in part
of the horizon. This is just what happened."
ROCKS IN ICEBERGS, COLORED SNOW, POLLEN AND DUST IN THE FAR NORTH.
On this subject Reed says: "When it can be shown that conditions
are such that no Arctic icebergs (composed of fresh water) can be
formed in the far north on the earth's outer surface, they must
be formed in the interior. If the material that produces colored
snow is a vegetable matter (which the analysis shows), and is
supposed to be a blossom or the pollen of a plant, when none such
grows in the vicinity of the Arctic Ocean, then it must grow in
the interior of the earth; for if it grows elsewhere on earth, then
the snow would be colored in other locations as well (as it is in
the vicinity of the polar opening), which does not seem to be the
case.
"The dust, so annoying in the Arctic Ocean, is also produced by
volcanic eruptions. Being light, it is carried far away by the
wind, and when it falls on ships, it is disagreeable. When it
falls on the snow it produces black snow. When analyzed it is
found to consist of carbon and iron, supposed to come from a
burning volcano. Where is that volcano? No record or account of
any near the North Pole is found; and if it be elsewhere, why
does the dust fall in the Arctic Ocean?
"Various explorers report large rocks and boulders on and imbedded
in the icebergs. These boulders are either cast there by the
exploding volcano or they are scraped up as the bergs slide down
the rivers in the interior of the earth. The dust in the Arctic is
so heavy that it floats in great clouds. It colors the snow black;
and it falls on ships in such abundance that it is a source of
irritation. Nansen declares that it was one of his principal
reasons for wanting to go home. If the earth is solid, there is no
answer to this perplexing problem. But if the earth be hollow, the
eruptions of volcanos in the interior can easily account for the
dust."
OPEN WATER AT THE FARTHEST POINT NORTH. "It is claimed by many
that the Arctic Ocean is a frozen body of water. Although it always
contains large bodies of drift-ice and icebergs, it is not frozen
over. The student of Arctic travels will invariably find that
explorers were turned back by open water, and many instances are
cited where they came near being carried out to sea and lost. What
I wish to present to the reader, however, is the proof that the
Arctic Ocean is an open body of water, abounding with game of all
kinds, and the farther one advances, the warmer it will be found.
There are many cases of clouds of dust and smoke. Many fogs are
reported in winter time. If the earth were solid, and the ocean
extended to the Pole, or connected with land surrounding the Pole,
there could be nothing to produce that fog. It is caused by the
warm air coming from the interior of the earth.
"Kane (an Arctic explorer) writes: `Some circumstances which he
(McGary) reports seems to point to the existence of a north water
all the year round; and the frequent water-skies, fogs, etc.,
that we have seen to the southwest during the winter, go to
confirm the fact.'
"There are many pages of reports (in the writings of Arctic explorers)
of this open sea to the far north. Greely speaks of open water the
year round. If there be open water the year round at the farthest
point north, can any good reason be assigned why all have failed to
reach the Pole? The men who spent their time, comfort and, in several
cases, their lives, were men more than anxious to succeed, yet,
strangely, all failed. Was this because the weather got warmer and
they found the game more plentiful? No, it was because there is no
such place."
Nansen, who probably went farther north than any other explorer,
remarks in his book that it was a strange feeling to be sailing in the
dark night to unknown lands, over an open rolling sea, where no ship had
ever been before, and remarks how mild the climate was for September.
The farther north he went, the less and less ice he saw. He remarked,
"There is always the same dark sky ahead, which means open sea.
They little think at home in Norway that we are sailing straight
to the Pole in clear water. I shouldn't have believed it myself
if anyone should have predicted it two weeks ago, but it is true.
Is this not a dream?"
Three weeks later he mentions that the water was still open and not
frozen. He remarks:
"As far as the eye can see from the crow's nest with the small
field glass, there is no end to the open water." Between September
6th and 2lst, he found no ice as he traveled northward in a very
high latitude.
Reed comments: "After all the foregoing evidence, is it possible
that anyone can believe that the respective oceans (in the far
north) are frozen bodies of water? If they do not believe that
these oceans are frozen, why do the explorers fail to reach the
Poles - if there be such places?"
"WHY IT IS WARMER NEAR THE POLES. One of the principal proofs that
the earth is hollow is that it is warmer near the Poles. If it can
be shown by quoting those who made the farthest advance toward the
supposed Poles, that it is warmer, that vegetation shows more life,
that game is more plentiful than farther south, then we have a
reasonable right to claim that the heat comes from the interior of
the earth, as that seems to be the only place from which it could
come.
"In `Captain Hall's Last Trip,' we read: `We find this a much warmer
country than we expected, bare of snow and ice. We have found that
the country abounds with life, and with seals, game, geese, ducks,
musk-cattle, rabbits, wolves, foxes, bears, partridges, lemmings,
etc. (He is speaking of the far north.)
"Nansen draws special attention to the warmth and says, `We must
almost imagine ourselves at home.' This was at one of the farthest
points north reached by anyone, and yet the weather was mild and
pleasant.
"It will be observed that these extremely strong winds from the
interior of the earth not only raise the temperature considerably
in the vicinity of the Arctic Ocean, but affect it very materially
four hundred and fifty miles away. Nothing could raise the
temperature in such a manner, except a storm coming from the interior
of the earth.
"Greely states: `Surely this presence of birds and flowers and
beasts was a greeting on nature's part to our new home.' Does that
sound as if he had expected to find these things there, or that
their presence was an everyday occurrence? No. It was written in
a tone of surprise. From what place had these birds and game
come? South of them for miles, the earth was covered with perpetual
snow - in many locations thousands of feet deep. They are found
in that location in summer; and as it is warmer farther north,
they would not be likely to go to a colder climate in winter.
They seem to pass into the interior of the earth.
"The mutton-birds of Australia leave that continent in September,
and no one has ever been able to find out where they go. My
theory is that they pass into the interior of the earth via the
South Pole. "
Reed points out that many animals inhabiting the far north, as the
musk-ox, go north in winter in order to reach a warmer climate. He
remarks:
"Since it becomes warmer as they go north, instinct tells them not
to go south in winter. And if they do not go south, they must go
into the interior of the earth."
Another animal that goes north in winter is the auk. Schwatka saw
a flock of four million auks, which darken the sky, going north as
winter approached. Nansen says of the extreme north that a land which
teems with bears, auks and black guillemots "must be a Canaan, flowing
with milk and honey."
Reed continues:
"WHAT PRODUCES COLORED SNOW IN THE ARCTIC ? Why is the snow colored
in the Arctic regions? The snow has been analyzed and the red,
green and yellow have been found to contain vegetable matter,
presumably a flower, or the pollen of a plant. From where did it
come? A flower that produced pollen sufficient to permeate the air
with such density that it colored the snow, which require a vast
territory - millions of acres - to grow it. Where is that to be
found? It must be near the North Pole, for, if it grew elsewhere,
colored snow would be found at other locations, and not be
confined to the Arctic regions. As no such flowering plant is
known on the earth's surface, we must look elsewhere.
"The interior of the earth is the only spot that will furnish us
with an answer to the question. As the colors fall at different
seasons, we may presume that the flowers mature at these seasons.
It is also easy to find out where the black snow, frequently
mentioned by the explorers, comes from. It comes out of an exploding
volcano - of the kind that covered Nansen's ship with dust. All
unexplained questions could be easily answered if one would believe
that the earth is hollow. It is impossible to answer them under any
other theory.
"Kane, in his first volume, page 44, says: `We passed the Crimson
Cliffs at Sir John Ross in the forenoon of August 5th. The patches
of red snow from which they derive their name could be seen clearly
at the distance of ten miles from the coast. It had a fine deep rose
hue.'
"Kane speaks of the red snow as if it had a regular season in which
to appear - as he says, `if the snowy surface were more diffused, as
it is no doubt earlier in the season.' In another place he speaks of
the red snow being two weeks later than usual. Now taking the fact
into account that the material that colors the snow is a vegetable
matter, supposed to be the blossom or pollen of a plant, and that
no such plant grows on earth, where does it come from? It must grow
in the interior of the earth. "
WHERE AND HOW ARE ICEBERGS FORMED: Since icebergs are formed from
fresh water, not salty ocean water, they could not be formed from the
Arctic Ocean, but by some fresh body of water. However there is no fresh
body of water in the polar region. Reed's theory is that icebergs are
formed from rivers coming from the interior of the earth and flowing
toward the surface through the polar opening. When they reach the cold
exterior they freeze, while more water passes over the frozen part and
freezes too, forming mountains of ice. With the coming of summer, these
big masses of ice are thawed loose and break off, falling into the sea
and producing the mysterious tidal waves observed in the far north.
Reed says:
"It is simply out of the question for an iceberg to form in any
location yet discovered. On the other hand, the interior of the
earth - back from the mouth of rivers or canyons - being warmer, is
just suited for the formation of icebergs. The mouth freezes first,
and the river, continuing to flow to the ocean, overflows the mouth,
and freezes for months, until spring. As the warm weather of summer
advances, and, owing to the warmth of the earth, the bergs are
thawed loose, and water from the rains in the interior rushes up,
and they are shoved into the ocean, and tidal waves started.
"Note the difference. On the outside of the earth, the whole length
of a stream is frozen, and the farther inland the harder the
freezing, while in the interior of the earth (at the polar opening)
only the mouth is frozen. In the interior of the earth, there is not
only plenty of water to produce icebergs, but plenty to shove them
into the ocean.
"For the last three hundred years a fairly steady stream of explorers
have been trying to reach the Pole - Arctic and Antarctic - and no
one has ever seen an iceberg leaving its original location and plunging
into the ocean. Isn't it strange that no one thought of asking about
their place of origin?"
In support of the theory that icebergs, made from fresh water, cannot
be formed on the outside of the earth and must come from fresh water rivers
in its interior, Reed quotes Bernacchi who, writing on his observations in
the Antarctic, says:
"There was less than two inches of rainfall in eleven and one-half
months, and while it snowed quite frequently, it never fell to any
great depth. Under such conditions, where would materials be found
to produce an iceberg? Yet the greatest one on earth is there - one
so large that it is called the Great Ice Barrier, rather than an
iceberg - being over four hundred miles long and fifty miles wide.
It is grounded in two thousand one hundred feet of water, and extends
from eighty to two hundred feet above water." Reed comments:
"Now it would be impossible for this iceberg to form in a country
having practically no rain or snow. As icebergs are made from frozen
water, and there is no water to freeze, it evidently was formed at
some place other than where it now is. The iceberg itself, being of
fresh water, lies in an ocean of salt water. "How do I know that
the great ice barrier came from the interior of the earth? Or from
the kind of river described? First, it could not come from the
exterior of the earth, since icebergs are not formed there. That
river must have been 2,500 feet deep, fifty miles across and from
four to five hundred miles long, for these are the present
dimensions of the iceberg. The river had to be straight or the
iceberg could not pass out without breaking. It passed through a
comparatively level country because the surface is still flat.
"Another proof that the interior of the earth is level near the
Antarctic entrance is that many of the icebergs found in the
Antarctic are long and slim. They are called `ice tongues,' which
indicates that they came out of rivers running nearly on a level.
The icebergs found in the Arctic, on the other hand, are more
chunky, indicating that they come from a more mountainous country,
where the fall of streams is more abrupt, causing the icebergs to
be shorter and thicker.
"When Bernacchi was voyaging in the Autarctic, he wrote: `During
the next two days we passed some thousands of icebergs, as many
as ninety being counted from the bridge at one time. There was
very little variety of form among them, all being very large and
bounded by perpendicular cliffs. There was a large quantity of fresh
water at the surface, derived from the number of icebergs.'
"How does this account accord with your notions of how icebergs
are formed in a country where Bernacchi reports less than two
inches of rainfall in the whole year, and but small quantities of
snow? Where is the water to come from that will produce such great
quantities of icebergs averaging a thousand feet in thickness, and
many of them several miles long? Those icebergs were on their way
north - never to return - yet the ocean will always be filled with
them, as others will come from the place where they came.
"Where is that place? There is no rain or melted snow to furnish
the water to freeze into an iceberg. Icebergs can come from only
one place - the INTERIOR of the earth.
"TIDAL WAVES. Reed here repeats the description of Arctic tidal waves
by various explorers. They lift the ice of the great ice fields to
great heights and can be heard for miles in the distance before they
reach the ship and for miles after they pass beyond the ship.
Arctic explorers describe these tidal waves as follows:
"Giant blocks pitched and rolled as though controlled by invisible
hands, and the vast compressing bodies shrieked a shrill and
horrible sound that curdled the blood. On came the frozen waves.
Seams ran and rattled across them with a thundering boom, while we
watched their terrible progress. " Reed says: "These tidal waves are
caused by some tremendous agency and I can think of nothing more
powerful than the plunging of an iceberg into the ocean. The great
frequency of these powerful tidal waves seems to exclude the
possibility of their being caused by underwater volcanic eruptions. "
[End of Part 6 of 15]
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