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                             THE HOLLOW EARTH

                              [Part 5 of 15]

               
               The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History
                                     
                  By Dr. Raymond Bernard  A.B., M.A. Ph.D.


    The theory of a hollow earth with openings at the poles was 
originated by William Reed in 1906, when he first presented it in his 
book, "Phantom of the Poles."  Fourteen years later, in 1920, another  
American writer, Marshall B. Gardner, published a book entitled "A 
Journey to the Earth's Interior or Have The Poles Really Been 
Discovered?" Apparently he knew nothing about Reed's book, since he 
did not mention it in his bibliography, which was quite extensive and 
included most of the important books on Arctic exploration, which he 
quoted in support of this theory of a hollow earth.

   Gardner, in his book, presents the same conception o! the Earth's 
structure as Reed did, claiming that it is hollow, with openings at 
its Poles, but he differs from Reed in that he believes in the 
existence of a central sun which is the source of the aurora borealis. 
In the diagrams of his book, Gardner depicts the Earth as having  
circular openings at its poles; and the ocean water, which flows 
through these openings, adheres to the solid crust, both above and 
below, since the center of gravity of the Earth, according to his 
theory, resides in the middle of this solid portion and not in its 
hollow interior. For this reason, if a ship travels through the polar 
opening and reaches the Earth's interior, it would continue to sail 
in a reversed position on the inside of the crust, just as, at night, 
we are below the Earth's surface held to it by gravity.

   Gardner's book, which is now out of print and very rare, seeming to 
have met the fate of other writings on this subject by being lost and 
forgotten and its message unknown to the world at present, has many 
interesting diagrams, some of which we are reproducing. We quote his 
description of these diagrams:

l.  "Showing the Earth bisected centrally through the polar openings 
and at right angles to the Equator, giving a clear view of the central 
sun and interior continents and oceans. (Reproduced from a working 
model, made by the author in 1912.)
   
2.  "The Earth as it would appear if viewed from space, showing the 
north polar opening to the Earth's interior, which is hollow and 
contains a central sun instead of an ocean of liquid lava."
   
3.  "Diagram showing the Earth as a hollow sphere with its polar 
openings and central sun.  The letters at the top and bottom of the 
diagram indicate the various steps of an imaginary journey through 
the planet's interior. At the point marked `D' we catch our first 
glimpse of the corona of the central sun. At the point marked `E' we 
can see the central sun in its entirety."
   
   Gravitational pull is strongest around the curve from the exterior 
to the interior of the Earth. A 150 pound man would probably weigh 300 
pounds while sailing through the polar opening and around the curve 
from the outside to the inside of the Earth. When he reached the inside 
he would weigh only 75 pounds. This is because less force is needed to 
hold a body to the inside of a hollow ball in rotation than to hold it 
to the outside, due to centrifugal force.

   William Reed says that gravitational pull is strongest about half 
way around the curve leading to the interior of the Earth, where is the 
center of gravity, being so strong there that the salt water and fresh 
water of icebergs (which, as we shall see below, come from the Earth's 
interior) do not mix. The salt water remains a few feet below the fresh 
water. This enables one to obtain fresh drinking water from the Arctic 
Ocean. But how can fresh water be found in the extreme north, where
there is only salty ocean water, and how can icebergs be formed of 
fresh water, not salt water? The only explanation, as both Reed and 
Gardner point out, and as we shall see below, is that this fresh water 
comes from rivers that arose in the Earth's warmer interior, which, after 
they reach the colder surface, suddenly freeze and turn into icebergs, 
which break off and fall into the sea, producing the strange tidal 
waves that Arctic explorers have observed in the far north, and which 
puzzled them.
    
   Both Reed and Gardner claim that the temperature in the inside of the 
Earth is much more uniform than on the outside, being warmer in winter 
and cooler in summer.  There is adequate rainfall, more than on the 
surface, but it is never cold enough to snow. It is an ideal subtropical 
climate, which is free from the oppressive heat of the tropics, as well 
as from the cold weather of the temperate zone. They also claim that the 
north polar opening is larger than the south. They say that there 
exists a Land of Paradise on the other side of the Mammoth Ice Barrier, 
which must be passed before one reaches a warmer climate in the land 
that lies beyond the Pole, over which Admiral Byrd flew.

    Around the curve at the polar opening is another ring of ice, called 
the Great Massive Fresh Water Ice Pack or Ice Barrier. Here is where 
icebergs originate. Each winter, this ring of ice is formed from fresh 
water which flows out from the inside of the Earth. During the winter 
months, billions of tons of free-flowing fresh water, coming from rivers 
inside the Earth and flowing toward the outside through the polar 
openings, freeze at their mouth and form mountains of fresh water ice,
whose presence in this region would be inexplicable if the Earth was a 
solid sphere. In summer time, huge icebergs, miles long, break off and 
float to the outside of the Earth. They are composed of fresh water, 
when there could exist only salt water at the poles. Since this is the 
case and since all water on the outside of the Earth in these regions 
is salty, the fresh water of which these icebergs are composed must come 
from its interior.

   Inside the icebergs, the mammoth and other huge tropical animals, 
believed to be of prehistoric origin because never seen on the Earth's 
surface, have been found in a perfect state of preservation. Some of 
them have been found to have green vegetation in their mouths and 
stomachs at the time they were suddenly frozen. The usual explanation 
is that these are prehistoric animals which lived in the Arctic region 
at the time when it had a tropical climate, and that the coming of the 
Ice Age, suddenly converted the Arctic from a tropical to a frigid 
zone and froze them before they had time to flee southward. The great 
ivory deposits from elephants, found in Siberia and islands of the 
north, are also explained in this way. Gardner, however, holds to an 
entirely different theory, which was supported by the observations of
Admiral Byrd of a huge mammoth-like creature in the "land beyond the 
Pole," which he discovered.  

   Gardner claims that mammoths are really animals now inhabiting the 
interior of the Earth, which have been carried to the surface by rivers
and frozen inside of the ice that formed when the rivers reached the 
surface, forming glaciers and icebergs.

   In Siberia, along the Lena River, there lie exposed on the soil and 
buried within it, the bones and tusks of millions of mammoths and 
mastadons. The consensus of scientific opinion is that they are 
prehistoric remains, and that the mammoth existed some 20,000 years 
ago, but was wiped out in the unknown catastrophe we now call the last 
Ice Age.

   It was Schumachoff, a fisherman living in Tongoose, Siberia, who, 
in 1799, first discovered a complete mammoth frozen in a clear block 
of ice. Hacking it free, he removed its huge tusks and left the carcass 
of fresh meat to be devoured by wolves. Later an expedition was sent 
to examine it, and today its skeleton may be seen in the Museum of 
Natural History in Leningrad.

   Polar explorers not only mention fauna (animals) but flora 
(vegetation) in the extreme north. Also many animals, like the musk-ox, 
strangely migrate northward in winter, which it would do only if it 
reached a warmer land there. Repeatedly, Arctic explorers have observed 
bears heading northward into an area where there cannot be food for 
them if there was no polar opening into a warmer region. Foxes also 
were found north of the 80th parallel heading north, obviously well 
fed. Without exception, Arctic explorers agree that, strangely, the 
further north one goes, after a certain latitude, the warmer it gets. 

   Invariably, a north wind brings warmer weather. Coniferous trees were 
found drifting ashore, coming from the far north. Butterflies and bees 
were found in the far north, and even mosquitoes, but they are not found 
hundreds of miles to the south and not until Canadian and Alaskan climate
areas conducive to such insect life are reached.

   Unknown varieties of flowers were also found in the extreme north. 
Birds resembling snipe, but unlike any known species of bird, were seen 
to come from the north, and to return there. Hare are plentiful in a 
far northern area where no vegetation grows but where vegetable matter 
is found in drifting debris from the more northern open waters.
    
   Eskimo tribes have left unmistakable traces of their migration by 
their temporary camps, always advancing northward Southern Eskimos speak 
of tribes that live in the far north. They hold the belief that their 
ancestors came from a land of paradise in the extreme north.
    
   In New Zealand and lower South America are found identical fauna and 
flora which could not have migrated from one of these places to the 
other. The only explanation is that they came from a common motherland 
- the Antarctic continent.  Yet how could they come from there if it is 
a frozen waste where only penguins seem able to survive? "Only Admiral 
Byrd's 'mystery land' can account for these inexplicable facts and 
migrations," concludes Palmer.
    
   Many Arctic explorers, after passing the ring of ice around the 
curve leading to the Earth's interior, continued straight north until 
they crossed this ice barrier. Many entered the opening leading to the 
interior but did not know it and thought they were still on the outer 
surface. The reason for this is that the opening is so large that one 
cannot know the difference except that the sun rises later and sets 
sooner, its rays being cut off by the rim of the polar opening after 
one enters it. This has been observed by all Arctic explorers who went 
sufficiently north. The polar opening is believed by Gardner to be 
1,400 miles in diameter.
    
   Once they were inside the Earth, explorers entered a New World where 
they found things opposite to what they expected.  The needle of the 
compass pointed vertically instead of horizontally as it did before, 
due to the fact that the true magnetic pole is located in the middle 
of the curve leading from the outside to the inside of the earth. 
The further north they went, the warmer it became. The ice of Arctic
regions further south disappeared and was replaced by open sea (Admiral 
Byrd found a total absence of ice and snow in the "land beyond the 
Pole" over which he passed for 1,700 miles.) 

   As explorers sailed further north, the north winds became warmer and 
warmer. The weather was mild and pleasant. Often the dust, carried by the 
wind, was unbearable. Some explorers, like Nansen, had to turn back due 
to the dust. Where could this dust come from in the extreme north, a 
land of ice and ocean? Reed and Gardner explain the origin of this dust, 
often noticed by Arctic explorers, to volcanoes inside the polar opening 
leading to the interior of the Earth. It would be impossible to expect 
volcanoes in the Arctic, except if they were inside the polar opening.

   On August 3, 1894, Dr. Fritjof-Nansen, an Arctic explorer, in the far 
north, was surprised at the warm weather there and the fox tracks he 
found.  He was probably inside the polar opening then. His compass 
utterly failed to work, so that he did not know where he was. The 
further into the opening he went, the warmer it became.  It he went 
still further he would have seen tropical birds, as other explorers 
did, as well as other animals not seen on the Earth's surface, as the 
mammoth that Admiral Byrd observed when he looked down from his plane, 
during his 1,700 mile flight over this mysterious ice-free Arctic area.

    Ray Palmer writes:
    
    "The musk-ox, contrary to expectations, migrates north in the 
    wintertime. Repeatedly, Arctic explorers have observed bears 
    heading north into an area where there cannot be food for them.  
    Foxes also are found north of the 80th parallel, heading north, 
    obviously well fed.  Without exception, Arctic explorers agree 
    that the further north one goes, the warmer it gets. Invariably 
    a north wind brings warmer weather. Coniferous trees drift 
    ashore from out of the north. Butterflies and bees are found 
    in the far north, but never hundreds of miles further south; not 
    until Canadian and Alaskan climate areas conducive to such insect 
    life are reached.

    "Unknown varieties of flowers are found. Birds resembling snipe, 
    but unlike any known species of bird, come out of the north, and 
    return there. Hare are plentiful in an area where no vegetation 
    ever grows, but where vegetation appears as drifting debris from 
    the northern open water. Eskimo tribes, migrating northward, have 
    left unmistakable traces of their migration in their temporary 
    camps, always advancing northward.  Southern Eskimos themselves 
    speak of tribes that live in the far north. The Ross gull, common 
    at Point Barrow, migrates in October toward the North. Only 
    Admiral Byrd's 'mystery land' can account for these inexplicable 
    facts and migrations."

    The Scandinavian legend of a land of paradise in the far north, 
known as "Ultima Thule," commonly confused with Greenland, is significant
because, centuries before Admiral Byrd's flight, the existence of such 
an ice-free land in the northern limits of the Earth was anticipated.

    Palmer writes:

    "The Scandinavian legend of a wonderful land far to the north 
    called "Ultima Thule" (commonly confused with Greenland) is 
    significant when studied in detail, because  of its remarkable 
    resemblance to the kind of land seen by Byrd, and its remarkable 
    far north location.  To assume that Ultima Thule is Greenland is 
    to come face to lace with the contradiction of the Greenland Ice 
    Cap, which fills the entire Greenland basin to the depth of 10,000  
    feet. Is Admiral Byrd's land of mystery, the center of the great 
    unknown, the same as the Ultima Thule of the Scandinavian legends?

    "There are mysteries concerning the Antarctic also. Perhaps the 
    greatest is the highly technical one of biology itself; for on the 
    New Zealand and South American land masses are identical fauna 
    and flora which could not have migrated from one to the other, but  
    rather are believed to have come from a common motherland. That 
    motherland is believed to be the Antarctic Continent. But on a 
    more popular level is the case of the sailing vessel `Gladys,' 
    captained by F. B. Hatfield in 1893. The ship was completely 
    surrounded by icebergs at 43 degrees south and 33 degrees west. 
    At this latitude an iceberg was observed which bore a large quantity 
    of sand and earth, and which revealed a beaten track, a place of 
    refuge formed in a sheltered nook, and the bodies of five dead men 
    who lay on different parts of the berg. Bad weather prevented any 
    attempts at further investigation.

   "An unanimous consensus of opinion among scientists is that one 
   thing peculiar to the Antarctic is that there are no human tribes 
   living upon it. Also investigation showed that no vessel was lost 
   in the Antarctic at the time, so that these men could not be 
   shipwrecked sailors. Could it be that these men who died on the berg 
   came from `that mysterious land beyond the South Pole' discovered by 
   the Byrd expedition? Had they ventured out of their warm, habitable 
   land and lost their way along the ice shelf, finally to be drifted 
   to their deaths at sea on a portion o! it, broken away to become 
   an iceberg while they were on it?"

   Another American writer on the subject of the Earth being hollow, 
named Theodore Fitch, referring to the ice barriers that must be crossed 
before one can enter the polar openings leading to the Earth's interior, 
asks: "Why can't we fly over these huge ice barriers or make roads and 
travel overland over them to the inside of the Earth?" He sees no reason 
why this cannot be done, even though he, like most other Americans, was 
in total ignorance of the fact that Admiral Byrd flew over these ice 
barriers some years before, and had entered this new territory. Fitch 
believes that once these facts are made public, every large nation 
would try to establish a foothold in this New World, whose land area is 
greater than that on the Earth's surface and which is free from 
radioactive fallout to poison its soil and foods. 

   This New World could more easily be reached than the moon and is of 
much more importance to us, since it provides ideal conditions for 
human life, with a better climate than exists on the surface. Fitch 
calls it a Land of Paradise, and believes it is the true geographical 
location of Paradise, a wonderful land referred to in the religious 
writings of all peoples.
    
   It seems that the Russians are now doing what Fitch suggested by 
sending fleets of icebreakers, some atomic-powered, to explore the far 
north  The next step will be for the Russians to repeat Admiral Byrd's 
flight through the polar opening to the "land beyond the Pole."

    Fitch's book is entitled "Our Paradise Inside the Earth." He based 
it on the works of Reed and Gardner. He mentioned that during the last 
century a sea captain, who traveled due north,  curved inward into the 
interior of the Earth, though he thought he was heading toward the 
North Pole. 
   
   Fitch writes:
   
   "Both William Reed and Marshall Gardner declare that there must be 
   a land of paradise on the other side o! the mammoth ice barrier. 
   Both men are of the opinion that a race of little brown people live 
   in the interior of the Earth. It is possible that the Eskimos 
   descended from these people.
    
    "Most explorers have sailed straight north until they went around 
    the 800 mile curve at the polar opening. Not one of them knew they 
    were on the inside of the Earth. These explorers found things exactly 
    opposite from what they expected. As they sailed north, the north 
    winds became warmer and warmer. Except for strong dusty warm winds 
    once in a while, the weather was mild and pleasant. Except for 
    icebergs from the interior, the sea was open and sailing good (Reed 
    and Gardner explain this strange dust found in the very far north 
    and which darkens the snow on which it falls, as we have pointed 
    out above, as coming from active volcanoes inside the polar opening. 
    This seems to be the only possible explanation - Author.)

    "They saw countless square miles of good land. The further north 
    they went, the more grass, flowers, bushes, trees and other green 
    vegetation they saw. One explorer wrote that his men gathered eight 
    different kinds of flowers. They also reported that they saw sloping 
    hills covered with green vegetation. (These observations were 
    confirmed by Admiral Byrd, who, during his 1,700 mile flight over 
    this iceless territory, saw trees, vegetation, mountains, lakes and
    animal life. - Author.)

    "Another writer said he saw all kinds of warm weather animals and 
    millions of tropical birds.  They were so thick that a blind man 
    could bring down one or more birds with one shot. The lovely 
    scenery of both sky and land was more magnificent than anything 
    ever seen on the exterior of the Earth. Each explorer wrote about 
    the majesty of the aurora borealis or Northern Lights. It is 
    claimed that the Northern Lights really result from the light of 
    the central sun inside the Earth shining through the opening at 
    the North Pole. "
    

    Fitch points out that the hollow interior of the earth has a land 
area larger than the outer surface because while 75 per cent of the 
earth's surface is covered with water, leaving only 55 million square 
miles of land surface, the total surface of the earth is 197 million  
square miles.  Fitch claims that there are no oceans in the interior 
comparable in size with those on the surface, and that there is three 
times as much land inside the earth as on the outside, so that in 
spite of the smaller circumference and less total area of the 
interior, its land area is greater. 

   Fitch says that it has a better and healthier climate than we have 
on the surface, without cold winters, hurricanes, earthquakes, electric 
storms, cyclones, radioactive fallout, nefarious cosmic rays, radioactive 
solar radiations, soil erosion from excessive rainfall and other 
disadvantages. It has an ideal subtropical climate.
    
   Another American writer who was much influenced by the theories of 
Reed and Gardner is William L. Blessing who published a booklet on the 
subject in which he reproduced their diagrams of the Earth's structure. 
Blessing wrote:
    
    "The Earth is not a true sphere. It is flat at the poles, or, I 
    should say, it begins to flatten out at the poles.  The pole is 
    simply the outer rim of a magnetic circle, and at this point the 
    magnetic needle of the compass points down. As the earth turns on 
    its axis, the motion is gyroscopic. The outer gyroscopic pole is 
    the magnetic rim of a circle. Beyond the rim the Earth flattens 
    and slopes gradually like a canyon into the interior. The true pole 
    in the exact center of the cone is perpendicular, for this point is 
    the exact center of the opening or hollow into the Earth's interior.
   
    "The old idea that the Earth was once a solid or molten mass and 
    that at the center is composed of molten iron must be discarded. 
    Since the shell of the Earth is about 800 miles thick, that would 
    mean that the molten iron core would be more than 7,OOO miles in 
    diameter and 21,000 miles in circumference. Impossible.
    
    "Likewise, the old idea that the deeper into the Earth the hotter 
    it becomes must also be discarded. It is radium and radioactivity 
    that produce the heat in the earth. All surface rocks contain 
    minute particles of radium."

    One of the most puzzling facts of Arctic exploration is that while 
the area is oceanic, covered with water, which is variously frozen over 
or partially open, depending on the time of the year, many explorers 
remarked, however, paradoxically, that the open water exists in greater 
measure at the points nearest to the Pole, while further south there is 
more ice. In fact, some explorers found it very hot going at times, and 
were forced to shed their Arctic clothing. There is even one record of
an encounter with naked Eskimos. In fact, the origin of the Eskimo race 
is believed to be in the extreme north, from where they migrated 
southward to their present habitat. Their original more northern home 
was probably warmer than their present more southern one.

    It is strange that Reed's and Gardner's books, which presented such 
an epoch-making geographical theory, which they supported by the evidence 
of Arctic exploration during the past century - a theory comparable in 
importance to the theory that the Earth is round, when it was first 
proposed - should have been so disregarded (or were they suppressed?), 
so that today they are unavailable and very rare. (It was the author's  
good fortune to secure a copy of Gardner's book from a bookdealer 
handling rare books.) Is it possible that these books shared the fate 
of the news about Admiral Byrd's discoveries, Giannini's book and 
Palmer's magazine announcing Byrd's confirmation of Reed's and Gardner's 
theory of a hollow Earth with openings at the poles ? (A correspondent 
of the author's, living in Washington, D.C., wrote that he happened 
to look through the books in the library of a high official of the 
Air Force, with whom he had business, and, much to his surprise, he 
saw a copy of Gardner's book.) 

   Evidently Gardner's theory of a hollow Earth is not unknown to
government and military leaders in view of Admiral Byrd having 
confirmed it; but it is hushed up and not openly discussed.

    Fitch asks those who do not believe that the Earth is hollow, with 
openings at its poles, to answer the following questions:

    "Can you produce proof that any explorer reached the so-called 
    North or South Pole ?
    
    "If there is no such thing as 83 to 90 degrees latitude ON the 
    Earth, then how can one reach or fly over the North Pole?
    
    "If the Earth is not hollow, then why does the north wind in the 
    Arctic get warmer as one sails north beyond 70 degrees latitude?
    
    "Why are there warm northerly winds and an open sea for hundreds 
    of miles north of 82 degrees latitude ?
    
    "After 82 degrees latitude is reached, why is the needle of a 
    compass always agitated, restless and balky?
    
    "If the Earth is not hollow, then why do the warm northerly 
    winds mentioned above carry more dust than any wind on earth?
    
    "If no rivers are flowing from the inside to the outside, then 
    why are all ice-bergs composed of fresh water?
    
    "Why does one find tropical seeds, plants and trees floating in 
    the fresh water of these icebergs?
    
    "If not all the fresh water icebergs positively do not come from 
    any place ON earth, as would be impossible unless we assume the 
    existence of rivers flowing from the inside to the outside, then 
    where do they  come from?
    
    "If the inside of the Earth is not warm, why do millions of 
    tropical birds and animals go further north in the winter time?

    "Why does the wind from the north carry more pollen and blossoms 
    than any wind on the exterior?
    
    "If it is not hollow and warm inside the Earth, then why does 
    colored pollen color the snow for thousands of square miles?
    
    "Could it be that pollen from millions of acres and colored 
    flowers causes the snow to be red, pink, yellow, blue, etc.?"

                            
                         [End of Part 5 of 15]

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