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                             THE HOLLOW EARTH

                              [Part 4 of 15]

               
               The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History
                                     
                  By Dr. Raymond Bernard  A.B., M.A. Ph.D.



                                Chapter II

                             THE HOLLOW EARTH


   Before Columbus discovered America, belief in the existence of a 
New World across the Atlantic, in the form of a western continent, was 
considered as the dream of a madman.
    
   Equally strange, in our own time, is the belief in the existence of 
a New World, a Subterranean World, in the hollow interior of the Earth, 
and which is as unknown to present humanity as the American continent 
was to Europeans prior to its discovery by Columbus. Yet there is no 
reason why it, too, may not be discovered and its existence established 
as a fact.
    
   Arnoldo de Azevedo, in his "Physical Geography," wrote as follows 
about the  mysterious world below our feet, concerning which scientists 
know nothing beyond a few miles in profundity, entertaining only 
theories, hypotheses and conjectures to hide their ignorance:  "We have  
below, our feet an immense region whose radius is 6,290 kilometers, 
which is completely unknown, challenging the conceit and competence of 
scientists."

   This statement is absolutely true.  Scientists to date have penetrated 
only a few miles inside the earth, and what lies further down they know 
nothing about, depending only on conjectures, guesses and suppositions. 
Many of the commonly accepted theories and beliefs about the Earth's 
interior do not rest on any scientific basis, and seem to originate in 
the old ecclesiastical idea of hellfire in the center of the Earth, 
which is so much like the belief of scientists that the core of the Earth  
is a mass of fire and molten metal. Yet the scientific belief rests on no 
more positive evidence than the religious one.  Both are merely 
suppositions without an iota of proof.

   The belief in the Earth having a fiery center probably arose from the 
fact that the deeper one penetrates into the Earth, the warmer it gets. 
But it is a far-fetched assumption to suppose that this increase of 
temperature continues until the center of the Earth. There is no 
evidence to support this view. It is more probable that the increase 
of temperature continues only until we reach the level where volcanic  
lava and earthquakes originate, probably due to the existence of much 
radioactive substances there. But after we pass through this layer of 
maximum heat, there is no reason why it should not get cooler and cooler 
as we get nearer and nearer to the Earth's center.
    
   The total surface of the Earth is 197 million square miles and its 
estimated weight is six sextillion tons. If the Earth was a solid sphere, 
its weight would be much greater.  This is one among other scientific 
evidences of the fact that the Earth has a hollow interior.
   
   The author believes that the truest conception of the structure of 
the Earth is based on the idea that when it was in a molten state during 
its formation, centrifugal force caused the heavier substances to be 
thrown outward, toward its periphery, in the form of rocks and metals, 
to form its outer crust, leaving its interior hollow, with openings at 
the poles, where centrifugal force was less and where there was less  
tendency to throw materials outward, which was greater at the equator, 
causing the bulging of the earth in this region. It has been estimated 
that as a result of the Earth's rotation on its axis during its 
formative state, polar depressions and openings thus formed would 
measure about 1,400 miles in diameter.

   Also, we shall present below evidence to indicate that some of the 
original fire and incandescent materials remained in the center of 
the Earth to form a central sun, much smaller, of course, than our 
sun, but capable of emitting light and supporting plant growth.  We  
shall also see that the Aurora Borealis or streaming lights that 
illuminate the Arctic sky at night come from this central sun whose
rays shine through the polar opening.
    
   Thus, if the Earth was originally a ball of fire and molten metal, 
some of this fire remained in its center, while centrifugal force as 
a result of its rotation on its axis caused its solid matter to be 
thrown toward the surface, forming a solid crust and leaving its 
interior hollow, with a fiery ball in its center, forming the central
sun, which provides illumination for plant, animal and human life.

    The first one to present the theory of the earth being hollow with 
openings at its poles was an American thinker, William Reed, author of 
the book, "Phantom of the Poles," published in 1906. This book provides 
the first compilation of scientific evidence, based on the reports of 
Arctic explorers, in support of the theory that the Earth is hollow with 
openings at its poles. Reed estimates that the crust of the Earth has 
a thickness of 800 miles, while its hollow interior has a diameter of
6,400 miles. Reed summarizes his revolutionary theory as follows:
    
    "The earth is hollow.  The Poles, so long sought, are phantoms. 
    There are openings at the northern and southern extremities. In 
    the interior are vast continents, oceans, mountains and rivers.  
    Vegetable and animal life are evident in this New World, and it
    is probably peopled by races unknown to dwellers on the Earth's
    surface."

    Reed pointed out that the Earth is not a true sphere, but is 
flattened at the Poles, or rather it begins to flatten out as one 
approaches the hypothetical North and South Pole, which really do not 
exist because the openings to its hollow interior occur there. Hence 
the Poles are really in midair, in the center of the polar openings  
and are not on its surface as would-be discoverers of the Poles 
suppose.

   Reed claims that the Poles cannot be discovered because the Earth 
is hollow at its Pole points, which exist in midair, due to the existence 
there of polar openings leading to its interior.  When explorers thought 
they reached the Pole, they were misled by the eccentric behavior of the 
compass in high latitudes, north and south. Reed claims that this  
happened in the case of Peary and Cook, neither of whom really reached 
the North Pole, as we shall see in later pages.

   Starting at 70 to 75 degrees north and south latitude the Earth starts 
to curve IN. The Pole is simply the outer rim of a magnetic circle around 
the polar opening. The North Magnetic Pole, once thought to be a point 
in the Arctic Archipelago, has been lately shown by Soviet Arctic explorers 
to be a line approximately 1000 miles long.  However, as we stated above, 
instead of being a straight line it is really a circular line constituting 
the rim of the polar opening. When an explorer reaches this rim, he has  
reached the North Magnetic Pole; and though the compass will always point 
to it after one passes it, it is really not the North Pole even if one is
deluded into thinking it is, or that he discovered the Pole due to having 
been misled by his compass. When one reaches this magnetic circle (the 
rim of the polar opening), the magnetic needle of the compass points 
straight down. This has been observed by many Arctic explorers who, after 
reaching high latitudes, near to 90 degrees, were dumbfounded by the  
inexplicable action of the compass and its tendency to point vertically 
upward. (They were then inside the polar opening and the compass pointed
to the Earth's North Magnetic Pole which was along the rim of this 
opening.
    
   As the Earth turns on its axis, the motion is gyroscopic, like the 
spinning of a top.  The outer gyroscopic pole is the magnetic circle of 
the rim of the polar opening.  Beyond the rim the Earth flattens and 
slopes gradually toward its hollow interior. The true Pole is the exact 
center of the opening at the Poles, which, consequently, do not really 
exist, and those who claimed to have discovered them did not tell the 
truth, even if they thought they did, having been misled by the irregular
action of the compass at high latitudes. For this reason, neither Cook 
nor Peary nor any other explorer ever reached the North or South Poles, 
and never will.
    
   A very interesting article on the above subject appeared in the 
March 1962 issue of  "Flying  Saucers" magazine, written by its editor, 
Ray Palmer, who believes that flying saucers come from the hollow 
interior of the Earth through its polar openings.  The article is  
entitled,  "THE  NORTH POLE - RUSSIAN STYLE. " It describes remarkable 
discoveries made by Russian Arctic explorers, which confirm the theory 
of a hollow earth and polar openings, as do the observations of Arctic
explorers to which we shall refer below. The article bears the 
following subtitle:

   "More Evidence of Mystery Lands at the Poles - Two Hundred Years of 
   Exploration Have Given the Russians a New Concept of the Pole and 
   Render all Previous Geographies Obsolete - Here are Indisputable     
   Geophysical Facts!"
    
   We shall now quote from this article:
    
   "Many readers will remember the articles we have published giving 
   our theories that there is something mysterious about each polar 
   area of the Earth.  We have suggested that there is much more 
   "area" at both poles than it is possible to show on a globe map. 
   We have pointed out Admiral Byrd's strange flights `beyond' the 
   poles. We have mentioned the case of missing mountains and 
   different branches of the military discounting the mapping ability 
   of the other. We have even suggested that the Earth is hollow, 
   and that giant 2,100 mile openings exist at the poles, and there 
   is much evidence of the existence of these openings.  We have 
   pointed out that there is a great deal of secrecy and double-talk 
   about the Arctic and Antarctic areas.  We have even suggested that 
   the flying saucers might come from this mystery area, or from 
   inside the Earth.
           
    "One of the things we have been most insistent about is that no 
    one has yet been to the North Pole, all claims to having done so 
    being false, because the Pole is not a `point,' and cannot be 
    `reached' in the accepted sense of the word.
    
    "We have successfully challenged those military and civilian pilots 
    who have claimed that they fly `daily' over the North Pole. In the 
    case of the military flyer we have pointed out the maneuver which 
    is standard, which automatically makes it impossible for him to fly 
    `beyond' the Pole by flying straight across it. (That is, across 
    the polar opening, instead of going into it - Author.) Because of  
    navigating difficulties stemming from compasses of all kinds" 
    
    "A `lost' flier (whose compass doesn't work as it should) regains 
    his bearings by making a turn in any direction, until his compasses 
    again resume function. In the case of commercial airlines, whose  
    advertising boast is that they fly twice daily over the Pole, they
    are simply stretching the truth by 2,300 miles. (They simply cross 
    over the magnetic rim of the polar opening, where the compass 
    registers the highest degree north, but do not actually reach the 
    North Pole, which is the central point of the polar opening inside 
    this rim - Author.)
    
    "We have available, in the form of records of several hundred years, 
    in Russian archives, a history of Arctic exploration which proves 
    our most important point beyond further question: i.e., that the 
    North Magnetic Pole is not a point, but (deduce the Russians) a 
    `line' approximately 1000 miles long. Before we go further, we might
    suggest that we think they are wrong in this deduction, and that 
    instead of being a line, it is actually a circle. Because of lack 
    of space to place it on the globe, the Russians have been forced 
    to compress their observations into a two dimensional area. They 
    had to squeeze the circle from two sides and make a line out of it. 
    We'd like to give you now a resume of that single point of Russian 
    exploration, which actually covers much more than just geomagnetism.

    "Here is what the Russians say: Navigators in the high latitudes 
    have always been troubled by the odd behavior of their magnetic 
    compasses caused by apparent irregularities and asymmetries in the 
    magnetic field of the Earth. Early magnetic maps have been drawn on 
    this assumption, based on hopeful guesses, that the North Magnetic 
    Pole is virtually a point.  Accordingly, it was expected that the 
    compass needle, which dips more steeply as it approaches the 
    Magnetic Pole, would point straight down, or very nearly so, at the 
    Magnetic Pole itself. But data from many Russian and other 
    expeditions showed that the compass needle points straight down, or 
    nearly so, at the Magnetic Pole itself.  But data from many Russian 
    and other expeditions showed that the compass needle points straight 
    down for a very long distance across the Arctic Ocean, from a point 
    northwest of the Taimyr Peninsula to another point in the Arctic 
    Archipelago. This discovery first inspired the hypothesis that there 
    is a second North Magnetic Pole, tentatively located at 86 degrees
    East longitude. More refined observation has disposed of this idea. 
    The map of the magnetic field now shows the magnetic meridians 
    running close together in a thick bunch of lines from the North 
    Magnetic Pole in the Arctic Archipelago to Siberia.

    The North Magnetic Pole, once thought to be virtually a point in 
    the Arctic Archipelago, has been shown by recent investigations to
    extend across the polar basin to the Taimyr Penninsula in Siberia.

    "The `Pole,' magnetically speaking, is a very extended area that 
    crosses the Polar Basin from one continent to the other. It is at 
    least 1,000 miles long, and more likely can be said to exist as a 
    rather diffused line for 1,000 miles more. (It is really not a point 
    in the far north, but is the rim of the polar opening, since after 
    Admiral Byrd passed it and entered the polar opening leading to the 
    Earth's interior, he left the Arctic ice and snow behind and entered 
    a warmer territory - Author. ) Thus when Admiral Peary (and any 
    other Arctic explorer who used a magnetic compass) claims to have 
    `reached' the Pole, he is making a very vague claim indeed. He can 
    only say that he reached a point, which can be anywhere in a 
    demonstrable 2,000 mile area (the magnetic rim of the polar opening), 
    where his compass pointed straight down. A noteworthy achievement, 
    but not a `discovery of the Pole.'

    "Since other types of compass, such as the gyroscopic and the 
    inertial guidance, have equally vague limitations, we make bold to 
    say that nobody ever reached the Pole, and more, there is not a 
    `Pole' to reach.

    "Next, having found themselves stumped to account for the strange 
    behavior of the compass in the Polar Basin, the theorists have turned 
    to space and the upper atmosphere and even to the sun for an 
    explanation of what is happening to their instruments. Now the Pole 
    has become `the interaction of the magnetic field with charged 
    particles from the sun.'
   
    "More significant are the unfavorable references to former 
    cartographers whose maps are now `thick clouds congealed in the 
    imagination of cartographers as land masses.' The Navy, as an example, 
    feels a bit put out when the Army says their missing South Pole 
    mountains were never there, because the Army cannot find them by 
    their own confused reckoning based on a magnetic pole which `isn't
    there at all.' We find now that new land areas are `discovered' 
    and old maps tossed out because the lands they show are not there 
    any more. (This confusion is due to the irregular action of the 
    compass in the far north due to the fact that the North Magnetic 
    Pole is not a point as former cartographers supposed, but a circle 
    around the rim of the polar opening - Author.)
     
    "This brings us to the subject of `mystery lands' of great extent 
    in the polar areas, which cannot possibly be placed on our globe 
    without overlapping seriously in impossible ways...Could it be here 
    where the flying saucers originate?"

    It is well known that the North and South Magnetic Poles do not 
coincide with the geographical poles, as they should were the Earth a 
solid sphere, convex at its poles. The reason why the magnetic and 
geographical poles don't coincide is because, while the magnetic pole 
lies along the rim of the polar opening, the geographical pole lies in 
its center, in midair and not on solid land. As we shall see below, the
true magnetic pole is not on the external rim of the polar opening but 
the center of the Earth's crust, which should be about 400 miles below 
the surface, and running around the polar opening. For this reason the 
needle of the compass still continues to point vertically downward 
after one passes the rim of the polar opening and penetrates into it. 
Only after passing its center would the needle of the compass start
pointing upward instead of downward, but in either case, after reaching 
the rim of the polar opening, the compass no longer functions horizontally, 
as previously, but vertically. This has been observed by all Arctic 
explorers who reached high latitudes and puzzled them. 

   The only explanation is provided on the conception of a hollow earth 
and polar openings, with the magnetic pole and center of gravity in the 
middle of the Earth's crust, and not in its geometrical center. As a 
result, ocean water on the inside of the crust adheres to its inner 
surface just as it does on the outside. We may calculate the Earth's 
magnetic pole and center of gravity as a circular line around the 
polar opening, but in its middle, about 400 miles from the Earth's 
surface.

    In support of the above conception regarding the magnetic pole 
being situated in the rim of the polar opening, Palmer refers to the 
following facts: Between each magnetic pole around the Earth pass 
magnetic meridians. In contrast with geographical meridians, which 
measure longitude, the magnetic meridians move from east to west and 
back again.  The difference between the geographical meridians, or 
true north and south, and the direction in which a magnetic compass 
points, or the magnetic meridian of the place, is called the 
declination. The first observation made was in London in 1580 and 
showed an easterly declination of 11 degrees. In 1815 the declination 
reached 24. 3 degrees westerly maximum. This makes a difference of 
35. 3 degrees change in 235 years, which is equal to 2,118 miles. 
Now if we make a circle around the Pole, with a radius of 1,059 
miles, so that it is 2,118 miles in diameter, this would represent 
the rim of the polar opening along which, in this case, the North 
Magnetic Pole traveled from one point to its diametrically opposite 
point on the circle, 2,118 miles away, in 235 years. 

   This is the reason why the magnetic pole and the geographical pole 
do not coincide. The geographical pole is an extension of the Earth's 
axis and since this runs through the center of the polar opening, it 
exists in empty space - hence can never be "discovered" by any explorer, 
since it is not on solid land.
    
   According to Marshall Gardner, the rim of the polar opening, which 
is the true magnetic pole, is a large circle 1,400 miles in diameter. 
It is so large that when explorers pass it, as many did, the slope is 
so gradual that they never know they are entering the interior of the 
Earth, but imagine they are on the surface. The magnetic pole can 
therefore be any point on the circle of the magnetic rim of the polar 
opening. On this point, Palmer says:
    
   "The focal point, or the actual `pinpoint' of the magnetic pole 
   exists on only one portion of the  circumference of that circle 
   at a time, and moves progressively around the circle in a definite 
   `orbit' that takes some 235 years. This would make the magnetic 
   pole travel approximately 18 miles per year.
    
   "Military and civilian flights `over the Pole' can be made daily 
   without producing the slightest evidence of the vast hole in the 
   Earth, whose perimeter they circumscribe, no matter what they 
   ASSUME in their navigational procedure, due to the original error 
   in assumption that what they are passing over is a POINT and not a
   vast CIRCUMFERENCE which they touch at only one place, and then 
   immediately deviate away from its natural curve because they are 
   traveling in a straight line."
   
   If the Earth was a solid sphere, with two poles at the end of its 
axis, being a magnet, its magnetic poles would coincide with its 
geographical poles. The fact that they do not is inexplicable on the 
basis of the theory that it is a solid sphere. The explanation becomes 
clear when we assume the existence of polar openings, with magnetic 
poles along the circular rim of these openings, rather than at a fixed 
point.

   Palmer quotes a significant statement by Russian Arctic explorers 
who say:

   "Exploration and research have shown that an enormous area of the 
   Earth's surface and correspondingly *large realms of the unknown* 
   may be brought within the compass of human understanding in a very 
   few years."
   
   This statement by the Russians sounds remarkably similar to Admiral 
Byrd's statements about the trans-Arctic region being "the center of 
the Great Unknown." Could it be that the Russians know about Admiral 
Byrd's discovery of "a vast new territory" beyond the Pole? Palmer 
comments on this Russian statement as follows:

   "This is truly a stupendous sentence. Contemplate what it actually 
   says. It says that not only exploration, but also `research' have 
   shown that enormous regions of the Earth's surface AND 
   correspondingly (this word is significant) large realms of the 
   UNKNOWN may be brought within the compass of UNDERSTANDING of human
   beings in a very few years. In plain words, in addition to areas we 
   can understand and investigate by exploration, there are large realms 
   which have to be brought to human understanding by means of research.

   "Yes, large UNKNOWN and even BEYOND PRESENT UNDERSTANDABILITY
   areas do exist, and it `MAY BE' that we will discover and comprehend 
   them in a very few years. In plain words, in addition to areas we can 
   understand and investigate by  exploration, there are large realms 
   which have to be brought to human understanding by means of research.

   "In the next few sentences (of the Russians) we find that there is 
   much `prospect for development' in a Polar Basin which, by present 
   concepts, is nothing but frozen ocean.  What is it that is such a 
   great prospect for development? Ice cubes for our tea? No, there 
   must be very much more interesting possibilities, the kind of 
   possibilities that entail large land masses of an unknown area yet 
   to be explored and developed."
    
   Palmer quotes the Russians as saying: 
   
   "As recently as 30 years ago more than half the total area of the 
   Polar Basin was unexplored, and 16 per cent was still terra incognita 
   only 15 years ago.  Today, disappointing as this may be to young 
   geographers, the area of blank spots on the map of the Polar Basin 
   has shrunk to almost nothing. At the same time, to the regret of the 
   older explorers and the understandable pleasure of the younger 
   ones, there are still blank spots elsewhere in the Arctic. The ocean, 
   the air and the ionosphere still hold many mysteries."

    Palmer comments on this Russian statement: 
    
    "We learn that the blank spots on the map of the Polar Basin have 
    shrunk to almost nothing. In the next breath we find that there are 
    still blank spots ELSEWHERE in the Arctic. Where else? The ocean,
    the air and the ionosphere, they say, still hold many mysteries. 
    Particularly the ocean, in the UNKNOWN extent of which exist vast 
    land masses so far not only beyond our ability to place on our 
    maps, but beyond our ability to understand.

    "We might say all this is double talk. We might also say secrets 
    are being kept. But we won't The fact is that neither is true. It 
    is STRAIGHT talk, the only kind of talk we can expect from anyone 
    who is trying to tell something, but cannot because it is, as yet, 
    beyond his understanding. To say definitely that there are large 
    land masses inside an area commonly called a `point' is to be faced 
    with a challenge to demonstrate and prove. Since this cannot be 
    done, the speaker is left rather helpless to do more than hint 
    vaguely at mysteries.

    "It is up to the opponents of the `Mystery Land at the Pole' 
    theory to disprove it, or prove their  own - and their own has 
    been irrevocably demolished by the scientists and explorers of 
    the two greatest nations on earth. What we have presented is not 
    a theory - but the cumulative result of hundreds of years of 
    exploration, culminated by the geophysical year [1957] which 
    established  the information we have given you as the `new 
    concept of geomagnetism in the Polar Basin.'

    "The mystery is at last coming to the fore, and the scoffers are 
    at last silenced.  Let us all work together to dig out the truth 
    about this mystery that is so engrossing, and so important to 
    mankind.  What is it that exists at both Poles of the earth,  
    which opens to us new frontiers so vast in extent and nature as to 
    be beyond present understanding? It may well be that exploration 
    of space is far less important than the exploration of our own 
    mysterious planet, which has now suddenly become a `vast realm' 
    far larger than we ever dreamed it to be."

    
                          [End of Part 4 of 15]

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