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Date: 9 Nov 1999 05:14:13 -0500
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 Subject: [CTRL] The history & development of Secret Societies in
          thewesterntradition
    Date: Sat, 25 Sep 1999 23:01:14 -0400
    From: Dave 
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Dave Hartley
http://www.Asheville-Computer.com
http://www.ioa.com/~davehart


                      The history & development of

                Secret Societies in the western tradition

 A paper by Frater Choronzon first presented on Monday 22nd October 1990
           to Philos-O-Forum at Bullfrog's Cafe Bar, Greenwich

It has been said that "The history of the world is the history of the
warfare between Secret Societies" (Robert(s) Shea & Anton Wilson
purportedly quoting one Ishmael Reed on the flyleaf of their tri-lateral
masterpiece 'Illuminatus!'); it has also been said, attributably by
Socrates, that "The Gods give us paranoia so that we may occasionally
glimpse something of the truth".

My experience is that one is rarely closer to a subjective appreciation
of the axiom that "There can be no ultimate truth" than when attempting
to research the origins of Secret Societies.

The reality today is that these organisations can range from a handful
of people performing magic rituals in a bricked-up railway arch, to an
annual get-together of the cream of the worlds financiers and
statespersons mapping out the economic and political destiny of the
planet. The first of these groups style themselves the Bilderberg
Conference, named after the block of council flats where they first met;
the second group are a shadowy intercontinental organisation known as
the Illuminates of Thanateros.

This is precisely the sort of misinformation which a serious researcher
has to contend with. If the misinformation is recent, the
inconsistencies are easy to spot, but, after fifty, a hundred or a
thousand years, it is more difficult.

It is unusual to find objective material about Secret Societies. Most
researchers are either endeavouring to demonstrate that a particular
group (or groups) is (are) no more than an innocuous charitable
benevolent club who like to maintain a level of anonymity to cloak their
good works, or, on the other hand, to demonstrate that the same group(s)
are responsible for every bloody revolution and heinous conspiratorial
plot which has ever been perpetrated. Both objectives can be well served
by producing evidence that the existence of the Secret Society or
Societies in question can be traced back into antiquity.

In order to try and introduce an element of objectivity into this
exercise, I propose to isolate certain essential features which can be
found across a spectrum of secret and/or secretive societies today. I
shall then to attempt to trace manifestations of those features in
various historical groups and/or orders in as far as reasonably reliable
information appears to exist in the historical record.

ORGANISATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SECRET SOCIETIES

One feature shared in common between many of today's Secret Societies,
of both ritual/charitable and occult flavour is that of a membership
structure consisting of graded or heirarchial degrees, The number of
degrees can vary widely, even within different branches of the same
society, as can the direction of numbering. For example, the Ordo Templi
Orientis, on the evidence provided in Francis King's book "Secret
Rituals of the OTO", appears to be structured into eleven principal
degrees, headed by an individual described as the Outer Head of the
Order (OHO) holding the eleventh degree. The OTO is not a homogeneous
body, and there are at present at least two separate organisations
purponing to represent the original tradition; each of these has its own
OHO.

Some degrees in the OTO have distinctive names, for example, according
to the same source, the designation of new entrants to the organisation
is to a zero degree named Minerval.

By contrast, the Illuminates of Thanateros, a Chaos Magic "Pact", on the
basis of an article published in 'Chaos International' Issue 3, appear
to be headed by a Supreme Magus who holds the designation 0 Degree,
while new entrants or Neophytes are admitted to the 4th Degree.

One feature which both of these occult groups have in common is that
they admit members of both sexes, and claim to have no policy of sexual
preferrment in regard to promotion within the group. For all that, there
is no evidence to suggest that either group has ever been headed by a
female. The Order of the Golden Dawn, a magical group which flourished
in this country for some 40 years prior to 1920, also admitted both male
and female members with equal status. Though apparently dormant in the
UK at this time, the Golden Dawn is known to be active in North America
and there is evidence to suggest that a significant proponion of it's
senior officers are female.

[Note (1997): There is now understood to be a chartered Order of Golden
Dawn Temple in London]

Of the contemporary charitable/ritual societies, the most important ones
in numerical terms, such as the United Grand Lodge Freemasons, are
exclusively male oriented, although females may be admitted to
subsidiary branch organisations.

There is some cross-fenilisation of traditions between masonic orders
who may not be directly affiliated to the United Grand Lodge in Great
Queen Street and some of the occult orders mentioned above. In his much
denigrated book "The Brotherhood", the late Stephen Knight provided some
detailed information about the existence of higher masonic degrees,
admittance to which is purponedly in the gift of a body described as the
Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree. In support of this assertion, Knight
points out that there is an entry for just such a body in the London
telephone directory, and he was correct, at least as regards the old S -
Z phone book; indeed the entry was still there in 1988, some four years
after Knight's book was published, with an address in Duke Street. It
seems to have disappeared now since the London telephone directories
have been reorganised, and is not obviously to be found either in the
'residential' or 'business' sections. Not that much can be read into
that; Lewisham Council, the United States Embassy and the British
Library are equally difficult to track down under the new schema.

A curious feature of Knight's listing of the Higher Masonic Degrees is
that some of the titles are identical to those of some of the higher OTO
degrees. For example 'Prince of Jerusalem' is given as the 16th Degree
in Masonry, about half way up the heirarchy, while the same title is
accorded to a 4th degree OTO officer, rather less than half way up the
structure. This may of course be a co-incidence, but there are said to
be links of tradition between the two organisations through a mysterious
body, or system of observance, called the Rite of Memphis and Misraim.
The right to award degrees within that structure having been bestowed on
the OTO in the early part of this century through a charter issued by a
high ranking Mason named Yarker, who may have held dual membership.
Whether a 'Prince of Jerusalem' in the OTO would necessarily be
acknowledged by the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree (or vice-versa)
is not known, but it may be suspected that there might be difficulties
if the OTO officer seeking masonic recognition was female!

This may seem to be a trivial detail, but it is through exactly this
sort of link that the threads of the history and development of these
organisations can be traced. Another feature which some of the
societies, particularly the more overtly occult ones, have in common is
the assumption by members of a pseudonym or 'magical' name or motto for
use within the organisation.

ORIGINS

Secrecy was widely practiced by the priesthoods of the ancient
Mediterranean cultures. The Egyptians were particularly notorious in
that respect, and the same practices were carried over into Pythagorean
tradition. In the latter case, though, it may have assumed an additional
importance because some of their mathematical discoveries involved
concepts, such as the irrational nature of mathematical ratios like PI,
which overstepped the boundaries of what was considered admissable
within their concepts of number theory. If something seemed to threaten
the fundamental numerical basis on which the universe was thought to be
constructed, then it was best to keep it quiet - the sums might be wrong
after all!

Egypt retained it's status as a centre of learning throughout the latter
days of the Roman Empire, despite the destruction of the Library of
Alexandria and Diocletian's wholesale buming of proto-scientific and
alchemical texts. After that country's assimilation into the expanding
Islamic empire, the Fatimid Caliphs sponsored the establishment of what
was effectively a University in Cairo. This institution was known as The
Abode of Learning; it awarded degrees, but these were accompanied by
initiations of a mystical or esoteric character.

It seems probable that the Grand Lodge of Cairo, founded in 872 AD by
adherents of the Ismaili Sect of Islam, adopted from the Abode of
Learning the concept of a sequence of academic degrees marked by
mystical or quasi-occult initiations.

The Grand Lodge of Cairo had seven degrees and variants existed during
the following two centuries within various splinters of the Ismaili
sect. The most influential of these were the Nizari Ismailis, and in
1090, by stratagem or deception, their leader Hasan-e Sabah took
possession of a fortress named Alamut (meaning Eagle's Nest) which
dominated a valley of the same name in the Elburz Mountains to the north
of modem Teheran. Within this fortress under the motto "Nothing is true
and all is allowed", Hasan instituted the Order of the Hashishim or
Assassins. In many respects these people might be regarded as a highly
efficient bunch of terrorists.

The aspects of secrecy inherent in the graded degree structure, borrowed
from the Grand Lodge of Cairo, were used to mislead the lower echelons
of the Order about the actual nature and objectives of the organisation
as a whole. According to Nesta Webster, an admittedly unreliable source,
the Assassins were structured in the following manner:

 lst Degree Grand Master     "The Old Man of the Mountains", Hasan-e
                             Sabah
 2nd Degree Grand Prior
 3rd Degree Dais             Political Emissaries
 4th Degree Rafiqs           Associates in training for Higher Degrees

 5th Degree Fadais           "The Devoted Men" - Undertook to deliver
                             the Secret Blow on orders from above
 6th Degree Lasiqus          Lay brothers

 7th Degree The "common      "simply blind instruments" (sic)
            people"

In trying to explain how the Assassins operated, it would be difficult
to better Nesta Webster's florid prose; the following passage might well
have earned her a place on the shortlist to script "Reefer Madness"; it
comes from her book 'Secret Societies and Subversive Movements'
published in 1924:

     To stimulate the energies of the Fadais who were to carry out the
     crimes, the superiors of the Order had recourse to an ingenious
     system of delusion. Throughout the territories occupied by the
     Assassins were gardens with fruit trees, bowers of roses and
     sparkling streams. Here were arranged luxurious resting places with
     Persian carpets and soft divans around which hovered black-eyed
     "houris" bearing wine in gold and silver drinking vessels, whilst
     soft music mingled with murmuring water and the song of birds. The
     young man whom the Assassins wished to train for a life of crime
     was introduced to the Grand Master of the Order and intoxicated
     with Hashish. Under the brief spell of unconsciousness induced by
     the drug, the prospective Fadai was carried into the garden, where,
     on awaking, he believed himself to be in Paradise. After enjoying
     all it's delights, he was given a fresh dose and transponed back to
     the presence of the Grand Master, who assured him that he had never
     left his side, but had merely experienced a foretaste of the
     Paradise that awaited him if he obeyed the orders of his chiefs.

A rather more gruesome deception perpetrated at Alamut is recorded in an
ancient text, the "Art of Imposture" by Abdel-Rahman of Damascus. The
following extract is quoted from Arkon Daraul's book "Secret Societies
Yesterday and Today" :

     Hasan had a deep narrow pit sunk into the floor of his audience
     chamber. One of his disciples stood in this in such a way that his
     head and neck alone were visible above the floor. Around the neck
     was placed a circular disk in two pieces which fitted together,
     with a hole in the middle. This gave the impression that there was
     a severed head on a metal plate standing on the floor. In order to
     make the scene more plausible (if that is the word) Hasan had some
     fresh blood poured around the head, on the plate.

     Now certain recruits were brought in. "Tell them" commanded the
     chief, "what thou hast seen". The disciple then described the
     delights of Paradise. "You have seen the head of a man who died
     whom you all knew. I have reanimated him to speak with his own
     tongue".

     Later, the head was treacherously severed in real earnest and stuck
     for some time somewhere that the faithful would see it. The effect
     of this conjuring trick plus murder increased the enthusiasm for
     martyrdom to the required degree.

A ruthless deception indeed, but, whether apocryphal or not, it would
appear to have been passably successful as a recruiting tactic. By the
time the area was over-run by the "Mongol hordes" of Mangu Khan in 1296,
there were no fewer than 60 Assassin castles in an area of 3 miles wide
by 30 long in the Alamut Valley itself, and the Order's influence
extended throughout every town and city in the Middle East. There is
little doubt that they were a pervasive organisation, and there is much
evidence to suggest that their motivations were towards the benefit of
the Order rather than that of the prevailing Islamic establishment;
except of course where those two interests coincided.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR

Almost in parallel with the rise of the Assassins, but on the other side
of the formal spiritual divide in the Middle East, there came into being
another militarily oriented Order, that of the Knights Templar. In the
wake of the success of the First Crusade in capturing Jerusalem, Hugh de
Payens petitioned that city's King Baldwin II for permission for himself
and eight other Knights to establish a new Order, ostensibly to protect
pilgrims travelling to the sacred sites. Approval was given in 1118, and
confirmed by the Pope. Subsequently at the Council of Troyes the Knights
were given a monastic 'rule' or constitution. They took their name from
the quarters allocated to them adjunct to the ancient site of Solomon's
Temple in Jerusalem.

The relationship between the Templars and the Assassins was by no means
amicable, although it's inception appears to have been in the
negotiation of a treaty of convenience between Baldwin II and the
Assassin Grand Master against the influence of Baghdad. In subsequent
years, like the Assassins, the Templars' motivations appear to have been
towards the advantage of their own order, rather than necessarily
towards the overall Christian cause, unless, of course those objectives
happened to coincide.

For example, in 1149 the Templars appear to have had a relationship with
insiders in the Islamic garrison defending Damascus which led to the
Crusader Emperor Conrad's failure to take that city; and in 1166 Amaury,
King of Jerusalem is said to have hanged twelve Templars for betraying a
fortress to the Saracens.

The accurate picture is perhaps of factions within the Templars becoming
very closely allied with the Assassins, possibly at the relatively
senior 3rd Degree 'Political Emissary' level. The source quoted by both
Nesta Webster and Arkon Daraul for the assimilation of Assassin
observances and rituals by the Templars is the early 19th Century
Austrian orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, but the work which
supposedly establishes this link, "History of the Assassins", is not
listed in the British Library catalogue, and it is possible that Daraul
may have echoed it's existence from Webster's writings.

Whatever the link may have been, the Templars built up a veritable
banking and property empire throughout Europe, they had their own fleet,
and they were highly secretive about their intemal affairs. After the
purge of Friday 13th October 1307, about which some of them may have
been tipped off, there were consistent confessions under torture to
secret ceremonies involving an entity called Baphomet, and prostration
before a bearded male head, which apparently spoke to them and conferred
magical powers. Though there appears to be little documentary evidence
of 'Baphomet' having predated the Templars, the Talking Head is
reminiscent of the Assassin anecdote quoted above.

The persecution of the Templars was most strenuous in France, but,
nontheless, many of them appear to have made an escape with the Order's
fleet of ships from La Rochelle, and there is evidence presented by
Baigent and Leigh to suggest that they may have established settlements
in Scotland and Ireland dating from this period. Robinson, in a recent
work on masonic history, presents evidence that the English 'Poor
Knights of Christ' went underground and, among other things, credits
them with having provided the organisational impetus for the Peasants
Revolt of 1381 - though there is no specific record of any banner
reading "Templars Against the Poll Tax".

The Knights in Scotland are said to have been influential at the Battle
of Bannockbum, and subsequently to have formed a 'Praetorian Guard' for
the Scottish Royal Family. Links with "operative masonry" (the modern
Freemason's term for the working stone-masons tradition) are also
traceable through some interesting ornamentation in churches and private
chapels associated with aristocratic Scottish families, such as the
Sinclairs, where construction dates from a period in the 15th Century
which is consistent with the hypothesis.

The balance of evidence suggests direct and probably continuous links
from the disbanded Templars, both to the English Lodges which were in
existence at the time of the formation of the Grand Lodge of England on
24th June 1717, and also to the 'Strict Observance' and Grand Orient
branches of Freemasonry which migrated to continental Europe with the
exiled Jacobites.

ILLUMINISM AND THE ROSICRUCIAN TRADITION

An intriguing thesis is presented by Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln in their
book "Holy Blood, Holy Grail". In a nutshell, this postulates the
existence of an organisation named the Ordre (or Prieure) de Sion whose
members are able to claim a direct blood lineage from the family of the
Christian Messiah, via the ancient Merovingian dynasty of France through
to the Cathar communities which flourished in Languedoc and Provence,
and thence forward to the present day. The suggestion is that these
people sponsored the various revivals of the Manichean heresy until it
was so viciously suppressed by the Vatican in the Albigensian Crusade of
the 13th Century. They are also said to have been the provenance of the
Rosicrucian Manifestos which appeared in 1614 and of other allegorical
documents such as "The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz" which
date from the same period.

There is no suggestion that members of this tradition either worshipped
Baphomet, indulged in discourse with Talking Heads, or defiled Christian
sacred symbols, but their story does, in some particulars, seem to be
intertwined with that of the Templars and of organisations deriving from
that provenance. It is claimed, for example that the Alchemists Nicholas
Flamel and Robert Fludd were Grand Masters of the Prieure de Sion, that
the latter was succeeded in the post by Sir Isaac Newton, who was also a
Freemason, and that both organisations had been instrumental in
establishing the Royal Society in 1660. A major divergence in the
masonic tradition occurred in the wake of the so-called 'Glorious
Revolution' of 1688. The Scottish lodges were firmly committed by
tradition to the Jacobite cause and followed the deposed King James II
into exile in France, subsequently favouring the claim of Charles Edward
Stuart (Bonny Prince Charlie) to the throne of the United Kingdom. The
United Grand Lodge of England was formed in the wake of the Scottish
rebellion of 1715, with the intention of bringing the movement into line
with the prevailing anti-Jacobite stance. There were slip-ups, such as
the appointment of the Duke of Wharton to the Grand Master's post; not
only was he a vociferous Jacobite, he was also a founding member of the
Hellfire Club with Sir Francis Dashwood. He was booted out of office
after a tenure of only a year in 1723 and the subsequently issued
'Constitutions' of James Anderson, a masonic minister of the Scots
Church, ensured that respectability and support for the Hanoverians were
indelibly established.

Meanwhile on the continent the Jacobites were setting up new lodges in
the Scottish or Grand Orient mold. Among those initiated and then given
a charter to start other lodges was a German Baron, von Hund. It appears
to be from him that a tradition of "Secret Chiefs" emanates. The people
who originally initiated von Hund in Paris kept their identities
concealed and then apparently disappeared. There is evidence to suggest
that these anonymous figures were high ranking Jacobites, including
perhaps "the King over the Water" himself. Their subsequent
disappearance coincides neatly with the final defeat of the Jacobite
rebels at Culloden in 1746, by an English army commanded by the English
Mason, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Warfare between Secret
Societies?

A member of one of the lodges established in Germany by von Hund was an
ex-Jesuit, by name Adam Weisshaupt. In 1776 Weisshaupt got bored with
the same old stuff and founded the infamous Illuminati of Bavaria. Among
the directions pursued by Weisshaupt, the ancient motto of the Assassins
was revived: "Nothing is true: Everything is Permitted". Among
traditions introduced can be included the assumption by members of
ritual names or mottos to be used at group meetings; for example,
Weisshaupt was known as Spartacus. This procedure was also adopted by
the Hellfire Club in England, as were various libidinous or tantric
practices which may have been garnered from the nations exposure to
Eastern cultures, or the product of fertile imagination. The Hellfire
Club was probably the first Secret Society to admit women to their
rituals.

In the wake of the French Revolution the Illuminati were suppressed
possibly/probably because of their involvement in it (definitely says
Nesta Webster). The Hellfire Club became active in clandestine support
of the American colonists and it has been claimed that Adam Weisshaupt
swapped identities with the real George Washington in a Hellfire Club
ritual, and that the first president of the USA was none other than the
Supreme Magus of the Illuminati of Bavaria. In support of this theory
attention is drawn to the resemblance of Washington's likeness on every
dollar bill to extant portraits of Weisshaupt. This hypothesis is
possibly not true.

After the French Revolution it seems likely that the French Masons
became the Govemment, having finally avenged their Templar forebears
suffering at the hands of the royal house of France. German Illuminism
was driven underground however, and other species of Masonic/Rosicrucian
activity adopted a low profile with the stories of 'secret chiefs'
intact. Out of this period of silence emerged a masonic/illuminist
group, the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO). These people adopted the
Illuminati tradition of magical names and the Hellfire Club practice of
admitting women, and moreover accorded them equal status. Many of the
higher grade rituals, from published accounts, appear to be similar to
those used in Grand Orient Masonry, with the possible exception of some
of the supposed tantric practices of the OTO.

NOTE: the purported existence of such activities may be no more than a
crude recruiting trick! (cf Hasan-e Sabah: "Nothing is True").

In England a specialised masonic study group came into existence in 1865
called Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (SRA). Originally basing their
practices on old documents found at Freemason's Hall they also made
contact, by means of a cypher message found in a book bought off a
market barrow, with a secretive German organisation represented by a
Frau Sprengel which tumed out to have 'secret chiefs'. The Isis-Urania
Temple of the Order of the Golden Dawn was founded by members of SRA in
1888. An early concern was to establish contact with the 'Secret Chiefs'
who by this time were thought to be discorporeal entities, or mysterious
hermits in Tibet. Madame Blavatsky came up with one such and founded the
Theosophical Society, the then Curator of Horniman's Museum in Forest
Hill, MacGregor Mathers, also went public that he had established some
sort of psychic communication and started producing volumes of teaching
material.

Eventually one of the younger members, Aleister Crowley, started making
communications with entities of his own which led him to proclaim the
dawn of a New Aeon in 1904; whereupon some difference with Mathers
erupted and Crowley became involved in the OTO which had emerged in
Germany, eventually being promoted to 'Outer Head of the Order'. Crowley
was an eccentric character. A fabled yarn of his experiments with
invisibility has recently enjoyed some confirmation, and so is worth
telling:

     Crowley was working with a sigil from the system presented in a
     book either translated or made up by Mathers known as the 'Sacred
     magic of Abra-Melin the Mage' which purported to bestow
     invisibility on the operator. Having attired himself in his
     ceremonial robes, and annointed his body with scented oil and
     saffron he performed the ritual. To see if it had worked, he left
     his lodgings in Jermyn Street and crossed Piccadilly Circus to the
     Cafe Royal, where he was an habitue. He transvected into the main
     tea-room, performed an adoration to the Egyptian Sun God and
     retumed to his lodgings. Nobody had seen him - it had worked!

     The assembled gentility taking tea in the Cafe Royal had seen a
     strangely coloured man in exotic costume walk into the room, make
     gesticulations and utterance, tum round, and walk out again. With
     typical aplomb they had chosen totally to ignore it.

Recently two American tourists "doing Crowley's London" spoke to an
elderly employee at the Cafe Royal who had been there since the 1930s
when Crowley was around. He remembered that in his first week "this
foreign geezer come in, all yellow, and started babbling on in some
strange language and then gone out". He had asked his supervisor about
this and had been told "Don't worry about that; its's just Mister
Crowley being invisible again".

This story may not be true.

Like some modern day professional wrestlers, Crowley revelled in his
'bad boy' image and styled himself The Great Beast. His detractors had
plenty to latch onto; drug addiction, obscene writings, and sex-magic.
In my view Crowley's final joke on his accolytes in the OTO is to have
left them with a constitution which is structured in such a way that
schism and feuding between members is inevitable. The result has been a
series of protracted legal squabbles and several competing OTOs, each
claiming that one of the other's past OHOs had been expelled from the
order by Crowley.

The Order of the Golden Dawn migrated to the colonies and has resurfaced
on the West Coast of America via New Zealand.

If the Illuminati did indeed survive to become the founding
establishment of the USA, they may still be up to their old tricks;
possibly in conflict or alliance with their long-standing sparring
partners in the Masons and/or the Prieure de Sion. In 1954 the
Bilderburg Conference was instituted. There are paranoid people today
who believe that this club, described by Encyclopaedia Britannica as an
"annual three-day conference attended by about 100 of Europe's and Nonh
America's most influential bankers, economists, politicians and
govemment officials" is, in reality, the instrument of the Illuminati by
which they plot and control the world's destiny, as a sort of government
behind all governments. The same paranoid people might suggest that such
an organisation's primary motivations are always towards the benefit of
the Order, rather than necessarily towards the common good, except, of
course, where those interests co-incide.

Or as Hasan-e Sabah might have said "Today Alamut, Tomorrow the World".

But all this is fanciful. They most likely just sit round a table
listening attentively to the utterance of a Talking Head!

               "NOTHING IS TRUE: EVERYTHING IS PERMITTED"

REFERENCES:

                   The Temple and the Lodge    Cape 1989
 BAIGENT M. et al
                   Holy Blood, Holy Grail      Corgi 1983
 BRITISH TELECOM   London Telephone Directory  1988

                   Liber Null                  Morton Press 1980
                                               Sorceror's Apprentice,
 CARROLL, P. J.    Psychonaut                  Leeds 1981
                   The Magical Pact of the
                   Illuminates of Thanateros   Chaos International #3,
                                               1987
 DARAUL, Arkon     Secret Societies            Miller 1961
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA     Micropaedia: Bilderburg
 BRITANNICA        Conference                  1988
 GOULD, R. F.      History of Freemasonry      Caxton 1951
                   Ritual Magic in England     Neville Spearman 1970

 KING, Francis     Satan and the Swastika      Mayflower 1976

                   Secret Rituals of the OTO   Neville Spearman
 KNIGHT, S.        The Brotherhood             Granada 1984

 MICHELL, J.       Eccentric Lives and         Thames & Hudson 1984
                   Peculiar Notions

 ROBINSON, J. J.   Bom in Blood: The Lost      Century 1990
                   Secrets of Freemasonry
 SHEA, R. &
                   Illuminatus! (3 Vols)       Sphere 1976
 ANTON-WILSON, R.

 WEBSTER, Nesta    Secret Societies &          1924
                   Subversive Movements
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