From: Nicky Molloy 
Subject: IUFO: The Evidence for Ancient Atomic Warfare
Date: 27 Oct 2000 20:47:03 -0400
To: IUFO ,
        Surfing the Apocalypse ,
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I sent the first past in Aug. So here it is again for those who missed it.
Part 2 is with part on on the url

Subject: The Evidence for Ancient Atomic Warfare




-- The Evidence for -- Ancient Atomic Warfare

http://www.nexusmagazine.com/ancatomicwar1.html
Religious texts and geological evidence suggest that several parts of the
world have experienced destructive atomic blasts in ages past.

Part 1 of 2




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Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 7, Number 5 (August-September 2000) or
September-October 2000 in the USA only.
PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560 Australia. editor@nexusmagazine.com
Telephone: +61 (0)7 5442 9280; Fax: +61 (0)7 5442 9381
>From our web page at: www.nexusmagazine.com


© 2000 by David Hatcher Childress
Extracted from Chapter 6 of his book
Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients
Published by Adventures Unlimited Press
Box 74, Kempton, Illinois, USA
TollFree # 1-800-718-4514
Website: www.adventuresunlimited.co.nz




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The following item appeared in the New York Herald Tribune on February 16,
1947 (and was repeated by Ivan T. Sanderson in the January 1970 issue of his
magazine, Pursuit):

When the first atomic bomb exploded in New Mexico, the desert sand turned to
fused green glass. This fact, according to the magazine Free World, has
given certain archaeologists a turn. They have been digging in the ancient
Euphrates Valley and have uncovered a layer of agrarian culture 8,000 years
old, and a layer of herdsman culture much older, and a still older caveman
culture. Recently, they reached another layerÉof fused green glass.

It is well known that atomic detonations on or above a sandy desert will
melt the silicon in the sand and turn the surface of the Earth into a sheet
of glass. But if sheets of ancient desert glass can be found in various
parts of the world, does it mean that atomic wars were fought in the ancient
past or, at the very least, that atomic testing occurred in the dim ages of
history?

This is a startling theory, but one that is not lacking in evidence, as such
ancient sheets of desert glass are a geological fact. Lightning strikes can
sometimes fuse sand, meteorologists contend, but this is always in a
distinctive root-like pattern. These strange geological oddities are called
fulgurites and manifest as branched tubular forms rather than as flat sheets
of fused sand. Therefore, lightning is largely ruled out as the cause of
such finds by geologists, who prefer to hold onto the theory of a meteor or
comet strike as the cause. The problem with this theory is that there is
usually no crater associated with these anomalous sheets of glass.

Brad Steiger and Ron Calais report in their book, Mysteries of Time and
Space,1 that Albion W. Hart, one of the first engineers to graduate from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was assigned an engineering project
in the interior of Africa. While he and his men were travelling to an almost
inaccessible region, they first had to cross a great expanse of desert.

"At the time he was puzzled and quite unable to explain a large expanse of
greenish glass which covered the sands as far as he could see," writes
Margarethe Casson in an article on Hart's life in the magazine Rocks and
Minerals (no. 396, 1972). She then goes on to mention: "Later on, during his
lifeÉhe passed by the White Sands area after the first atomic explosion
there, and he recognized the same type of silica fusion which he had seen
fifty years earlier in the African desert."2



Tektites: A Terrestrial Explanation?

Large desert areas strewn with mysterious globules of "glass"--known as
tektites--are occasionally discussed in geological literature. These blobs
of "hardened glass" (glass is a liquid, in fact) are thought to come from
meteorite impacts in most instances, but the evidence shows that in many
cases there is no impact crater.

Another explanation is that tektites have a terrestrial explanation--one
that includes atomic war or high-tech weapons capable of melting sand. The
tektite debate was summed up in an article entitled "The Tektite Problem",
by John O'Keefe, published in the August 1978 edition of Scientific
American. Said O'Keefe:

If tektites are terrestrial, it means that some process exists by which soil
or common rocks can be converted in an instant into homogeneous, water-free,
bubble-free glass and be propelled thousands of miles above the atmosphere.
If tektites come from the Moon, it seems to follow that there is at least
one powerful volcano somewhere on the Moon that has erupted at least as
recently as 750,000 years ago. Neither possibility is easy to accept. Yet
one of them must be accepted, and I believe it is feasible to pick the more
reasonable one by rejecting the more unlikely.

The key to solving the tektite problem is an insistence on a physically
reasonable hypothesis and a resolute refusal to be impressed by mere
numerical coincidences such as the similarity of terrestrial sediments to
tektite material. I believe that the lunar volcanism hypothesis is the only
one physically possible, and that we have to accept it. If it leads to
unexpected but not impossible conclusions, that is precisely its utility.

To cite just one example of the utility, the lunar origin of tektites
strongly supports the idea that the Moon was formed by fission of the Earth.
Tektites are indeed much more like terrestrial rocks than one would expect
of a chance assemblage. If tektites come from a lunar magma, then deep
inside the Moon there must be material that is very much like the mantle of
the Earth--more like the mantle than it is like the shallower parts of the
Moon from which the lunar surface basalts have originated. If the Moon was
formed by fission of the Earth, the object that became the Moon would have
been heated intensely and from the outside, and would have lost most of its
original mass and in particular the more volatile elements. The lavas
constituting most of the Moon's present surface were erupted early in the
Moon's history, when its heat was concentrated in the shallow depleted zone
quite near the surface. During the recent periods represented by tektite
falls, the sources of lunar volcanism have necessarily been much deeper, so
that any volcanoes responsible for tektites have drawn on the lunar material
that suffered least during the period of ablation and is therefore most like
unaltered terrestrial mantle material. Ironically, that would explain why
tektites are in some ways more like terrestrial rocks than they are like the
rocks of the lunar surface.



Mysterious Glass in the Egyptian Sahara

One of the strangest mysteries of ancient Egypt is that of the great glass
sheets that were only discovered in 1932. In December of that year, Patrick
Clayton, a surveyor for the Egyptian Geological Survey, was driving among
the dunes of the Great Sand Sea near the Saad Plateau in the virtually
uninhabited area just north of the southwestern corner of Egypt, when he
heard his tyres crunch on something that wasn't sand. It turned out to be
large pieces of marvellously clear, yellow-green glass.

In fact, this wasn't just any ordinary glass, but ultra-pure glass that was
an astonishing 98 per cent silica. Clayton wasn't the first person to come
across this field of glass, as various 'prehistoric' hunters and nomads had
obviously also found the now-famous Libyan Desert Glass (LDG). The glass had
been used in the past to make knives and sharp-edged tools as well as other
objects. A carved scarab of LDG was even found in Tutankhamen's tomb,
indicating that the glass was sometimes used for jewellery.

An article by Giles Wright in the British science magazine New Scientist
(July 10, 1999), entitled "The Riddle of the Sands", says that LDG is the
purest natural silica glass ever found. Over a thousand tonnes of it are
strewn across hundreds of kilometres of bleak desert. Some of the chunks
weigh 26 kilograms, but most LDG exists in smaller, angular pieces--looking
like shards left when a giant green bottle was smashed by colossal forces.

According to the article, LDG, pure as it is, does contain tiny bubbles,
white wisps and inky black swirls. The whitish inclusions consist of
refractory minerals such as cristobalite. The ink-like swirls, though, are
rich in iridium, which is diagnostic of an extraterrestrial impact such as a
meteorite or comet, according to conventional wisdom. The general theory is
that the glass was created by the searing, sand-melting impact of a cosmic
projectile.

However, there are serious problems with this theory, says Wright, and many
mysteries concerning this stretch of desert containing the pure glass. The
main problem: Where did this immense amount of widely dispersed glass shards
come from? There is no evidence of an impact crater of any kind; the surface
of the Great Sand Sea shows no sign of a giant crater, and neither do
microwave probes made deep into the sand by satellite radar.

Furthermore, LDG seems to be too pure to be derived from a messy cosmic
collision. Wright mentions that known impact craters, such as the one at
Wabar in Saudi Arabia, are littered with bits of iron and other meteorite
debris. This is not the case with the Libyan Desert Glass site. What is
more, LDG is concentrated in two areas, rather than one. One area is
oval-shaped; the other is a circular ring, six kilometres wide and 21
kilometres in diameter. The ring's wide centre is devoid of the glass.

One theory is that there was a soft projectile impact: a meteorite, perhaps
30 metres in diameter, may have detonated about 10 kilometres or so above
the Great Sand Sea, the searing blast of hot air melting the sand beneath.
Such a craterless impact is thought to have occurred in the 1908 Tunguska
event in Siberia--at least as far as mainstream science is concerned. That
event, like the pure desert glass, remains a mystery.

Another theory has a meteorite glancing off the desert surface, leaving a
glassy crust and a shallow crater that was soon filled in. But there are two
known areas of LDG. Were there two cosmic projectiles in tandem?

Alternatively, is it possible that the vitrified desert is the result of
atomic war in the ancient past? Could a Tesla-type beam weapon have melted
the desert, perhaps in a test?

An article entitled "Dating the Libyan Desert Silica-Glass" appeared in the
British journal Nature (no. 170) in 1952. Said the author, Kenneth Oakley:3

Pieces of natural silica-glass up to 16 lb in weight occur scattered
sparsely in an oval area, measuring 130 km north to south and 53 km from
east to west, in the Sand Sea of the Libyan Desert. This remarkable
material, which is almost pure (97 per cent silica), relatively light (sp.
gin. 2.21), clear and yellowish-green in colour, has the qualities of a
gemstone. It was discovered by the Egyptian Survey Expedition under Mr P.A.
Clayton in 1932, and was thoroughly investigated by Dr L.J. Spencer, who
joined a special expedition of the Survey for this purpose in 1934.

The pieces are found in sand-free corridors between north-south dune ridges,
about 100 m high and 2&endash;5 km apart. These corridors or "streets" have
a rubbly surface, rather like that of a "speedway" track, formed by angular
gravel and red loamy weathering debris overlying Nubian sandstone. The
pieces of glass lie on this surface or partly embedded in it. Only a few
small fragments were found below the surface, and none deeper than about one
metre. All the pieces on the surface have been pitted or smoothed by
sand-blast. The distribution of the glass is patchyÉ

While undoubtedly natural, the origin of the Libyan silica-glass is
uncertain. In its constitution it resembles the tektites of supposed cosmic
origin, but these are much smaller. Tektites are usually black, although one
variety found in Bohemia and Moravia and known as moldavite is clear
deep-green. The Libyan silica-glass has also been compared with the glass
formed by the fusion of sand in the heat generated by the fall of a great
meteorite; for example, at Wabar in Arabia and at Henbury in central
Australia.

Reporting the findings of his expedition, Dr Spencer said that he had not
been able to trace the Libyan glass to any source; no fragments of
meteorites or indications of meteorite craters could be found in the area of
its distribution. He said: "It seemed easier to assume that it had simply
fallen from the sky."

It would be of considerable interest if the time of origin or arrival of the
silica-glass in the Sand Sea could be determined geologically or
archaeologically. Its restriction to the surface or top layer of a
superficial deposit suggests that it is not of great antiquity from the
geological point of view. On the other hand, it has clearly been there since
prehistoric times. Some of the flakes were submitted to Egyptologists in
Cairo, who regarded them as "late Neolithic or pre-dynastic". In spite of a
careful search by Dr Spencer and the late Mr A. Lucas, no objects of
silica-glass could be found in the collections from Tut-Ankh-Amen's tomb or
from any of the other dynastic tombs. No potsherds were encountered in the
silica-glass area, but in the neighbourhood of the flakings some "crude
spear-points of glass" were found; also some quartzite implements,
"quernstones" and ostrich-shell fragments.

Oakley is apparently incorrect when he says that LDG was not found in
Tutankhamen's tomb, as according to Wright a piece was found.

At any rate, the vitrified areas of the Libyan Desert are yet to be
explained. Are they evidence of an ancient war--a war that may have turned
North Africa and Arabia into the desert that it is today?



The Vitrified Forts of Scotland

One of the great mysteries of classical archaeology is the existence of many
vitrified forts in Scotland. Are they also evidence of some ancient atomic
war? Maybe, but maybe not.

There are said to be at least 60 such forts throughout Scotland. Among the
most well-known are Tap o'Noth, Dunnideer, Craig Phadraig (near Inverness),
Abernathy (near Perth), Dun Lagaidh (in Ross), Cromarty, Arka-Unskel, Eilean
na Goar, and Bute-Dunagoil on the Sound of Bute off Arran Island. Another
well-known vitrified fort is the Cauadale hill-fort in Argyll, West
Scotland.

One of the best examples of a vitrified fort is Tap o'Noth, which is near
the village of Rhynie in northeastern Scotland. This massive fort from
prehistory is on the summit of a mountain of the same name which, being
1,859 feet (560 metres) high, commands an impressive view of the
Aberdeenshire countryside. At first glance it seems that the walls are made
of a rubble of stones, but on closer look it is apparent that they are made
not of dry stones but of melted rocks! What were once individual stones are
now black and cindery masses, fused together by heat that must have been so
intense that molten rivers of rock once ran down the walls.

Reports on vitrified forts were made as far back as 1880 when Edward
Hamilton wrote an article entitled "Vitrified Forts on the West Coast of
Scotland" in the Archaeological Journal (no. 37, 1880, pp. 227&endash;243).
In his article, Hamilton describes several sites in detail, including
Arka-Unskel:4

At the point where Loch na Nuagh begins to narrow, where the opposite shore
is about one-and-a-half to two miles distant, is a small promontory
connected with the mainland by a narrow strip of sand and grass, which
evidently at one time was submerged by the rising tide. On the flat summit
of this promontory are the ruins of a vitrified fort, the proper name for
which is Arka-Unskel.

The rocks on which this fort are placed are metamorphic gneiss, covered with
grass and ferns, and rise on three sides almost perpendicular for about 110
feet from the sea level. The smooth surface on the top is divided by a
slight depression into two portions. On the largest, with precipitous sides
to the sea, the chief portion of the fort is situated, and occupies the
whole of the flat surface. It is of somewhat oval form. The circumference is
about 200 feet, and the vitrified walls can be traced in its entire lengthÉ
We dug under the vitrified mass, and there found what was extremely
interesting, as throwing some light on the manner in which the fire was
applied for the purpose of vitrification. The internal part of the upper or
vitrified wall for about a foot or a foot-and-a-half was untouched by the
fire, except that some of the flat stones were slightly agglutinated
together, and that the stones, all feldspatic, were placed in layers one
upon another.

It was evident, therefore, that a rude foundation of boulder stones was
first formed upon the original rock, and then a thick layer of loose, mostly
flat stones of feldspatic sand, and of a different kind from those found in
the immediate neighborhood, were placed on this foundation, and then
vitrified by heat applied externally. This foundation of loose stones is
found also in the vitrified fort of Dun Mac Snuichan, on Loch Etive.

Hamilton describes another vitrified fort that is much larger, situated on
the island at the entrance of Loch Ailort.

This island, locally termed Eilean na Goar, is the most eastern and is
bounded on all sides by precipitous gneiss rocks; it is the abode and
nesting place of numerous sea birds. The flat surface on the top is 120 feet
from the sea level, and the remains of the vitrified fort are situated on
this, oblong in form, with a continuous rampart of vitrified wall five feet
thick, attached at the SW end to a large upright rock of gneiss. The space
enclosed by this wall is 420 feet in circumference and 70 feet in width. The
rampart is continuous and about five feet in thickness. At the eastern end
is a great mass of wall in situ, vitrified on both sides. In the centre of
the enclosed space is a deep depression in which are masses of the vitrified
wall strewed about, evidently detached from their original site.

Hamilton naturally asks a few obvious questions about the forts. Were these
structures built as a means of defence? Was the vitrification the result of
design or accident? How was the vitrification produced?

In this vitrification process, huge blocks of stones have been fused with
smaller rubble to form a hard, glassy mass. Explanations for the
vitrification are few and far between, and none of them is universally
accepted.

One early theory was that these forts are located on ancient volcanoes (or
the remains of them) and that the people used molten stone ejected from
eruptions to build their settlements.

This idea was replaced with the theory that the builders of the walls had
designed the forts in such a way that the vitrification was purposeful in
order to strengthen the walls. This theory postulated that fires had been
lit and flammable material added to produce walls strong enough to resist
the dampness of the local climate or the invading armies of the enemy. It is
an interesting theory, but one that presents several problems. For starters,
there is really no indication that such vitrification actually strengthens
the walls of the fortress; rather, it seems to weaken them. In many cases,
the walls of the forts seem to have collapsed because of the fires. Also,
since the walls of many Scottish forts are only partially vitrified, this
would hardly have proved an effective building method.

Julius Caesar described a type of wood and stone fortress, known as a murus
gallicus, in his account of the Gallic Wars. This was interesting to those
seeking solutions to the vitrified fort mystery because these forts were
made of a stone wall filled with rubble, with wooden logs inside for
stability. It seemed logical to suggest that perhaps the burning of such a
wood-filled wall might create the phenomenon of vitrification.

Some researchers are sure that the builders of the forts caused the
vitrification. Arthur C. Clarke quotes one team of chemists from the Natural
History Museum in London who were studying the many forts:5

Considering the high temperatures which have to be produced, and the fact
that possibly sixty or so vitrified forts are to be seen in a limited
geographical area of Scotland, we do not believe that this type of structure
is the result of accidental fires. Careful planning and construction were
needed.

However, one Scottish archaeologist, Helen Nisbet, believes that the
vitrification was not done on purpose by the builders of the forts. In a
thorough analysis of rock types used, she reveals that most of the forts
were built of stone easily available at the chosen site and not chosen for
their property of vitrification.6

The vitrification process itself, even if purposely set, is quite a mystery.
A team of chemists on Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World subjected rock
samples from 11 forts to rigorous chemical analysis, and stated that the
temperatures needed to produce the vitrification were so intense--up to
1,100°C--that a simple burning of walls with wood interlaced with stone
could not have achieved such temperatures.7

Nevertheless, experiments carried out in the 1930s by the famous
archaeologist V. Gordon Childe and his colleague Wallace Thorneycroft showed
that forts could be set on fire and generate enough heat to vitrify the
stone.8 In 1934, these two designed a test wall that was 12 feet long, six
feet wide and six feet high, which was built for them at Plean Colliery in
Stirlingshire. They used old fireclay bricks for the faces and pit props as
timber, and filled the cavity between the walls with small cubes of basalt
rubble. They covered the top with turf and then piled about four tons of
scrap timber and brushwood against the walls and set fire to them. Because
of a snowstorm in progress, a strong wind fanned the blazing mixture of wood
and stone so that the inner core did attain some vitrification of the rock.

In June 1937, Childe and Thorneycroft duplicated their test vitrification at
the ancient fort of Rahoy, in Argyllshire, using rocks found at the site.
Their experiments did not resolve any of the questions surrounding vitrified
forts, however, because they had only proven that it was theoretically
possible to pile enough wood and brush on top of a mixture of wood and stone
to vitrify the mass of stone. One criticism of Childe is that he seems to
have used a larger proportion of wood to stone than many historians believe
made up the ancient wood and stone fortresses.

An important part of Childe's theory was that it was invaders, not the
builders, who were assaulting the forts and then setting fire to the walls
with piles of brush and wood; however, it is hard to understand why people
would have repeatedly built defences that invaders could destroy with fire,
when great ramparts of solid stone would have survived unscathed.

Critics of the assault theory point out that in order to generate enough
heat by a natural fire, the walls would have to have been specially
constructed to create the heat necessary. It seems unreasonable to suggest
the builders would specifically create forts to be burned or that such a
great effort would be made by invaders to create the kind of fire it would
take to vitrify the walls--at least with traditional techniques.

One problem with all the many theories is their assumption of a primitive
state of culture associated with ancient Scotland.

It is astonishing to think of how large and well coordinated the population
or army must have been that built and inhabited these ancient structures.
Janet and Colin Bord in their book, Mysterious Britain,9 speak of Maiden
Castle to give an idea of the vast extent of this marvel of prehistoric
engineering.

It covers an area of 120 acres, with an average width of 1,500 feet and
length of 3,000 feet. The inner circumference is about 11Ú2 miles round, and
it has been estimated...that it would require 250,000 men to defend it! It
is hard, therefore, to believe that this construction was intended to be a
defensive position.

A great puzzle to archaeologists has always been the multiple and
labyrinthine east and west entrances at each end of the enclosure.
Originally they may have been built as a way for processional entry by
people of the Neolithic era. Later, when warriors of the Iron Age were using
the site as a fortress, they probably found them useful as a means of
confusing the attacking force trying to gain entry. The fact that so many of
these "hill-forts" have two entrances--one north of east and the other south
of west--also suggests some form of Sun ceremonial.

With 250,000 men defending a fort, we are talking about a huge army in a
very organised society. This is not a bunch of fur-wearing Picts with spears
defending a fort from marauding bands of hunter-gatherers. The questions
remain, though. What huge army might have occupied these cliffside forts by
the sea or lake entrances? And what massive maritime power were these people
unsuccessfully defending themselves against?

The forts on the western coast of Scotland are reminiscent of the mysterious
clifftop forts in the Aran Islands on the west coast of Ireland. Here we
truly have shades of the Atlantis story, with a powerful naval fleet
attacking and conquering its neighbours in a terrible war. It has been
theorised that the terrible battles of the Atlantis story took place in
Wales, Scotland, Ireland and England--however, in the case of the Scottish
vitrified forts it looks as if these were the losers of a war, not the
victors. And defeat can be seen across the land: the war dykes in Sussex,
the vitrified forts of Scotland, the utter collapse and disappearance of the
civilisation that built these things. What long-ago Armageddon destroyed
ancient Scotland?

In ancient times there was a substance known through writings as Greek fire.
This was some sort of ancient napalm bomb that was hurled by catapult and
could not be put out. Some forms of Greek fire were even said to burn under
water and were therefore used in naval battles. (The actual composition of
Greek fire is unknown, but it must have contained chemicals such as
phosphorus, pitch, sulphur or other flammable chemicals.)

Could a form of Greek fire have been responsible for the vitrification?
While ancient astronaut theorists may believe that extraterrestrials with
their atomic weapons vitrified these walls, it seems more likely that they
are the result of a man-made apocalypse of a chemical nature. With siege
machines, battleships and Greek fire, did a vast flotilla storm the huge
forts and eventually burn them down in a hellish blaze?

The evidence of the vitrified forts is clear: some hugely successful and
organised civilisation was living in Scotland, England and Wales in
prehistoric times, circa 1000 BC or more, and was building gigantic
structures including forts. This apparently was a maritime civilisation that
prepared itself for naval warfare as well as other forms of attack.



Vitrified Ruins in France, Turkey and the Middle East

Vitrified ruins can also be found in France, Turkey and some areas of the
Middle East.

Vitrified forts in France are discussed in the American Journal of Science
(vol. 3, no. 22, 1881, pp. 150-151) in an article entitled "On the
Substances Obtained from Some 'Forts Vitrifiés' in France", by M. Daubrée.
The author mentions several forts in Brittany and northern France whose
granite blocks have been vitrified. He cites the "partially fused granitic
rocks from the forts of Château-vieux and of Puy de Gaudy (Creuse), also
from the neighbourhood of Saint Brieuc (Côtes-du-Nord)".10 Daubrée,
understandably, could not readily find an explanation for the vitrification.

Similarly, the ruins of Hattusas in central Turkey, an ancient Hittite city,
are partially vitrified. The Hittites are said to be the inventors of the
chariot, and horses were of great importance to them. It is on the ancient
Hittite stelae that we first see a depiction of the chariot in use. However,
it seems unlikely that horsemanship and wheeled chariots were invented by
the Hittites; it is highly likely that chariots were in use in ancient China
at the same time.

The Hittites were also linked to the world of ancient India. Proto-Indic
writing has been found at Hattusas, and scholars now admit that the
civilisation of India, as the ancient Indian texts like the Ramayana have
said, goes back many millennia.

In his 1965 book, The Bible as History,11 German historian Werner Keller
cites some of the mysteries concerning the Hittites. According to Keller,
the Hittites are first mentioned in the Bible (in Genesis 23) in connection
with the biblical patriarch Abraham who acquired from the Hittites a burial
place in Hebron for his wife Sarah. Conservative classical scholar Keller is
confused by this, because the time period of Abraham was circa
2000&endash;1800 BC, while the Hittites are traditionally said to have
appeared in the 16th century BC.

Even more confusing to Keller is the biblical statement (in Numbers
13:29-30) that the Hittites were the founders of Jerusalem. This is a
fascinating statement, as it would mean that the Hittites also occupied
Ba'albek, which lies between their realm and Jerusalem. The Temple Mount at
Jerusalem is built on a foundation of huge ashlars, as is Ba'albek. The
Hittites definitely used the gigantic megalithic construction known as
cyclopean--huge, odd-shaped polygonal blocks, perfectly fitted together. The
massive walls and gates of Hattusas are eerily similar in construction to
those in the high Andes and other megalithic sites around the world. The
difference at Hattusas is that parts of the city are vitrified, and the
walls of rock have been partly melted. If the Hittites were the builders of
Jerusalem, it would mean that the ancient Hittite Empire existed for several
thousand years and had frontiers with Egypt. Indeed, the Hittite
hieroglyphic script is undeniably similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs, probably
more so than any other language.

Just as Egypt goes back many thousands of years BC and is ultimately
connected to Atlantis, so does the ancient Hittite Empire. Like the
Egyptians, the Hittites carved massive granite sphinxes, built on a
cyclopean scale and worshipped the Sun. The Hittites also used the common
motif of a winged disc for their Sun god, just as the Egyptians did. The
Hittites were well known in the ancient world because they were the main
manufacturers of iron and bronze goods. The Hittites were metallurgists and
seafarers. Their winged discs may in fact have been representations of
vimanas--flying machines.

Some of the ancient ziggurats of Iran and Iraq also contain vitrified
material, sometimes thought by archaeologists to be caused by the Greek
fire. For instance, the vitrified remains of the ziggurat at Birs Nimrod
(Borsippa), south of Hillah, were once confused with the Tower of Babel. The
ruins are crowned by a mass of vitrified brickwork--actual clay bricks fused
together by intense heat. This may be due to the horrific ancient wars
described in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, although early archaeologists
attributed the effect to lightning.



Greek Fire, Plasma Guns and Atomic Warfare

If one were to believe the great Indian epic of the Mahabharata, fantastic
battles were fought in the past with airships, particle beams, chemical
warfare and presumably atomic weapons. Just as battles in the 20th century
have been fought with incredibly devastating weapons, it may well be that
battles in the latter days of Atlantis were fought with highly
sophisticated, high-tech weapons.

The mysterious Greek fire was a "chemical fireball". Incendiary mixtures go
back at least to the 5th century BC, when Aineias the Tactician wrote a book
called On the Defence of Fortified Positions. Said he:12

And fire itself, which is to be powerful and quite inextinguishable, is to
be prepared as follows. Pitch, sulphur, tow, granulated frankincense, and
pine sawdust in sacks you should ignite if you wish to set any of the
enemy's works on fire.

L. Sprague de Camp mentions in his book, The Ancient Engineers,13 that at
some point it was found that petroleum, which seeps out of the ground in
Iraq and elsewhere, made an ideal base for incendiary mixtures because it
could be squirted from syringes of the sort then used in fighting fires.
Other substances were added to it, such as sulphur, olive oil, rosin,
bitumen, salt and quicklime.

Some of these additives may have helped--sulphur at least made a fine
stench--but others did not, although it was thought that they did. Salt, for
instance, may have been added because the sodium in it gave the flame a
bright orange colour. The ancients, supposing that a brighter flame was
necessarily a hotter flame, mistakenly believed that salt made the fire burn
more fiercely. Such mixtures were put in thin wooden casks and thrown from
catapults at hostile ships and at wooden siege engines and defence works.

According to de Camp, in AD 673 the architect Kallinikos fled ahead of Arab
invaders from Helipolis-Ba'albek to Constantinople. There he revealed to
Emperor Constantine IV an improved formula for a liquid incendiary. This
could not only be squirted at the foe but could also be used with great
effect at sea, because it caught fire when it touched the water and floated,
flaming on the waves.

De Camp says that Byzantine galleys were armed with a flame-throwing
apparatus in the bow, consisting of a tank of this mixture, a pump and a
nozzle. With the help of this compound, the Byzantines broke the Arab sieges
of AD 674&endash;76 and AD 715&endash;18, and also beat off the Russian
attacks of AD 941 and 1043. The incendiary liquid wrought immense havoc; of
800 Arab ships which attacked Constantinople in 716 AD, only a handful
returned home.

The formula for the wet version of Greek fire has never been discovered.
Says de Camp:

By careful security precautions, the Byzantine Emperors succeeded in keeping
the secret of this substance, called "wet fire" or "wild fire", so dark that
it never did become generally known. When asked about it, they blandly
replied that an angel had revealed the formula to the first Constantine.

We can, therefore, only guess the nature of the mixture. According to one
disputed theory, wet fire was petroleum with an admixture of calcium
phosphide, which can be made from lime, bones and urine. Perhaps Kallinikos
stumbled across this substance in the course of alchemical experiments.

Vitrification of brick, rock and sand may have been caused by any number of
high-tech means. New Zealand author Robin Collyns suggests in his book,
Ancient Astronauts: A Time Reversal?,14 that there are five methods by which
the ancients or "ancient astronauts" might have waged war on various
societies on planet Earth. He outlines how these methods are again on the
rise in modern society. The five methods are: plasma guns, fusion torches,
holes punched in the ozone layer, manipulation of weather processes and the
release of immense energy, such as with an atomic blast. As Collyns's book
was published in Britain in 1976, the mentions of holes in the ozone layer
and weather warfare seem strangely prophetic.

Explaining the plasma gun, Collyns says:

The plasma gun has already been developed experimentally for peaceful
purposes: Ukrainian scientists from the Geotechnical Mechanics Institute
have experimentally drilled tunnels in iron ore mines by using a plasmatron,
i.e., a plasma gas jet which delivers a temperature of 6,000°C.

A plasma, in this case, is an electrified gas. Electrified gases are also
featured in the Vymaanika-Shaastra,15 the ancient book from India on
vimanas, which cryptically talks of using for fuel the liquid metal mercury,
which could be a plasma if electrified.

Collyns goes on to describe a fusion torch:

This is still another possible method of warfare used by spacemen, or
ancient advanced civilisations on Earth. Perhaps the solar mirrors of
antiquity really were fusion torches? The fusion torch is basically a
further development of the plasma jet. In 1970 a theory to develop a fusion
torch was presented at the New York aerospace science meeting by Drs Bernard
J. Eastlund and William C. Cough. The basic idea is to generate a fantastic
heat of at least fifty million degrees Celsius which could be contained and
controlled. That is, the energy released could be used for many peaceful
applications with zero radioactive waste products to avoid contaminating the
environment, or zero production of radioactive elements which would be
highly dangerous, such as plutonium which is the most deadly substance known
to man. Thermonuclear fusion occurs naturally in stellar processes, and
unnaturally in man-made H-bomb explosions.

The fusion of a deuterium nucleus (a heavy hydrogen isotope which can be
easily extracted from sea water) with another deuterium nucleus, or with
tritium (another isotope of hydrogen) or with helium, could be used. The
actual fusion torch would be an ionised plasma jet which would vaporise
anything and everything that the jet was directed at--if...used for harmful
purposes--while for peaceful applications, one use of the torch could be to
reclaim basic elements from junk metals.

University of Texas scientists announced in 1974 that they had actually
developed the first experimental fusion torch which gave an incredible heat
output of ninety-three degrees Celsius. This is five times the previous
hottest temperature for a contained gas and is twice the minimum heat needed
for fusion, but it was held only for one fifty-millionth of a second instead
of the one full second which would be required.

It is curious to note here that Dr Bernard Eastlund is the patent holder of
another unusual device--one that is associated with the High-frequency
Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP), based at Gakona, Alaska. HAARP is
allegedly linked to weather manipulation--one of the ways in which Collyns
thinks the ancients waged warfare.

As far as holes in the ozone layer and weather manipulation go, Collyns
says:

Soviet scientists have discussed and proposed at the United Nations a ban on
developing new warfare ideas such as creating holes or "windows" in the
ozone layer to bombard specific areas of the Earth with increased natural
ultra-violet radiation, which would kill all life-forms and turn the land
into barren desert.

Other ideas discussed at the meeting were the use of "infrasound" to
demolish ships by creating acoustic fields on the sea, and hurling a huge
chunk of rock into the sea with a cheap atomic device. The resultant tidal
wave could demolish the coastal fringe of a country. Other tidal waves could
be created by detonating nuclear devices at the frozen poles. Controlled
floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and droughts directed towards specific
targets and cities are other possibilities.

Finally, although not a new method of warfare, incendiary weapons are now
being developed to the point where "chemical fireballs" will be produced
which radiated thermal energy similar to that of an atomic bomb.



Vitrified Ruins in California's Death Valley: Evidence of Atomic War?

In Secrets of the Lost Races,16 Rene Noorbergen discusses the evidence for a
cataclysmic war in the remote past that included the use of airships and
weapons that vitrified stone cities.

The most numerous vitrified remains in the New World are located in the
western United States. In 1850 the American explorer Captain Ives William
Walker was the first to view some of these ruins, situated in Death Valley.
He discovered a city about a mile long, with the lines of the streets and
the positions of the buildings still visible. At the center he found a huge
rock, between 20 to 30 feet high, with the remains of an enormous structure
atop it. The southern side of both the rock and the building was melted and
vitrified. Walker assumed that a volcano had been responsible for this
phenomenon, but there is no volcano in the area. In addition, tectonic heat
could not have caused such a liquefication of the rock surface.

An associate of Captain Walker who followed up his initial exploration
commented: "The whole region between the rivers Gila and San Juan is covered
with remains. The ruins of cities are to be found there which must be most
extensive, and they are burnt out and vitrified in part, full of fused
stones and craters caused by fires which were hot enough to liquefy rock or
metal. There are paving stones and houses torn with monstrous cracksÉ [as
though they had] been attacked by a giant's fire-plough."

These vitrified ruins in Death Valley sound fascinating--but do they really
exist? There certainly is evidence of ancient civilisations in the area. In
Titus Canyon, petroglyphs and inscriptions have been scratched into the
walls by unknown prehistoric hands. Some experts think the graffiti might
have been made by people who lived here long before the Indians we know of,
because extant Indians know nothing of the glyphs and, indeed, regard them
with superstitious awe.

Says Jim Brandon in Weird America:17

Piute legends tell of a city beneath Death Valley that they call Shin-au-av.
Tom Wilson, an Indian guide in the 1920s, claimed that his grandfather had
rediscovered the place by wandering into a miles-long labyrinth of caves
beneath the valley floor.

Eventually the Indian came to an underworld city where the people spoke an
incomprehensible language and wore clothing made of leather.

Wilson told this story after a prospector named White claimed he had fallen
through the floor of an abandoned mine at Wingate Pass and into an unknown
tunnel. White followed this into a series of rooms, where he found hundreds
of leather-clad humanoid mummies. Gold bars were stacked like bricks and
piled in bins.

White claimed he had explored the caverns on three occasions. On one, his
wife accompanied him; and on another, his partner, Fred Thomason. However,
none of them [was] able to relocate the opening to the cavern when they
tried to take a group of archaeologists on a tour of the place.



To be continued next issue...



Endnotes:
1. Steiger, Brad and Ron Calais, Mysteries of Time & Space, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 1974.
2. ibid.
3. Corliss, William, Geological Anomalies, The Sourcebook Project, Glen Arm,
Maryland, 1974.
4. Corliss, William, Ancient Man: A Handbook of Puzzling Artifacts, The
Sourcebook Project, Glen Arm, Maryland, 1978.
5. Welfare, Simon and John Fairley, Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World, Wm
Collins & Sons, London, 1980.
6. ibid.
7. ibid.
8. ibid.
9. Bord, Janet and Colin Bord, Mysterious Britain, Granada Publishing,
London, 1972.
10. Edwards, Frank, Strangest of All, Ace Books, New York, 1956.
11. Keller, Werner, The Bible As History, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1956.
12. Sprague de Camp, L., The Ancient Engineers, Ballantine Books, New York,
1960.
13. ibid.
14. Collyns, Robin, Ancient Astronauts: A Time Reversal?, Sphere Books,
London, 1976.
15. Bharadwaaja, Maharshi, Vymaanika-Shaastra, translated and published by
G.R. Josyer, Mysore, India, 1979.
16. Noorbergen, Rene, Secrets of the Lost Races, Barnes & Noble Publishers,
New York, 1977.
17. Brandon, Jim, Weird America, E.P. Dutton, New York, 1978.




About the Author:
David Hatcher Childress is an explorer, publisher and author of more than 15
books on lost civilisations and science, as well as on free energy,
antigravity and UFOs. He is a regular speaker on the conference circuit and
a sought-after guest on US radio talk shows and TV specials. His new book,
Technology of the Gods, is reviewed in this issue of NEXUS Magazine (Volume
7, Number 5).




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-- The Evidence for -- Ancient Atomic Warfare

http://www.nexusmagazine.com/ancatomicwar2.html
Religious texts and geological evidence suggest that several parts of the
world have experienced destructive atomic blasts in ages past.

Part 2 of 2(Go to Part 1)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----


Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 7, Number 6 (October-November 2000) or
November-December 2000 in the USA only.
PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560 Australia. editor@nexusmagazine.com
Telephone: +61 (0)7 5442 9280; Fax: +61 (0)7 5442 9381
>From our web page at: www.nexusmagazine.com


© 2000 by David Hatcher Childress
Extracted from Chapter 6 of his book
Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients
Published by Adventures Unlimited Press
Box 74, Kempton, Illinois, USA
TollFree # 1-800-718-4514
Tel: 1 815 253 6390
Fax: 1 815 253 6300
Website: www.adventuresunlimited.co.nz




----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----


VITRIFIED RUINS IN CALIFORNIA'S DEATH VALLEY

It seems one local character knew how to find the place. Brandon relates
that "Death Valley Scotty", an eccentric who spent millions building a
castle-estate in the area, was known to go "prospecting" when funds ran low.
Death Valley Scotty would check out for a few days of wandering in the
nearby Grapevine Mountains, bringing back suspiciously refined-looking gold
that he claimed he had prospected. Many believe that he got his gold from
the stacked gold bars in the tunnel system beneath Death Valley.

Evidence of a lost civilisation in Death Valley came in a bizarre report of
caves and mummies in the Hot Citizen, a Nevada paper, on August 5, 1947. The
story ran as follows:



EXPEDITION REPORTS NINE-FOOT SKELETONS

A band of amateur archaeologists announced today they have discovered a lost
civilization of men nine feet tall in Californian caverns. Howard E. Hill,
spokesman for the expedition, said the civilization may be "the fabled lost
continent of Atlantis".

The caves contain mummies of men and animals and implements of a culture
80,000 years old but "in some respects more advanced than ours," Hill said.
He said the 32 caves covered a 180-square-mile area in California's Death
Valley and southern Nevada.


ARCHAEOLOGISTS SKEPTICAL

"This discovery may be more important than the unveiling of King Tut's
tomb," he said.
Professional archaeologists were skeptical of Hill's story. Los Angeles
County Museum scientists pointed out that dinosaurs and tigers which Hill
said lay side by side in the caves appeared on Earth 10,000,000 to
13,000,000 years apart.
Hill said the caves were discovered in 1931 by Dr F. Bruce Russell, Beverly
Hills physician, who literally fell in while sinking a shaft for a mining
claim.
"He tried for years to interest people in them," Hill said, "but nobody
believed him."
Russell and several hobbyists incorporated after the war as Amazing
Explorations, Inc. and started digging. Several caverns contained mummified
remains of "a race of men eight to nine feet tall," Hill said. "They
apparently wore a prehistoric zoot suit--a hair garment of medium length,
jacket and knee-length trousers."


CAVERN TEMPLE FOUND


Another cavern contained their ritual hall with devices and markings similar
to the Masonic order, he said.
"A long tunnel from this temple took the party into a room where," Hill
said, "well-preserved remains of dinosaurs, saber-toothed tigers, imperial
elephants and other extinct beasts were paired off in niches as if on
display.
"Some catastrophe apparently drove the people into the caves," he said.
"All of the implements of their civilization were found," he said,
"including household utensils and stoves which apparently cooked by radio
waves."
"I know," he said, "that you won't believe that."
While of doubtful authenticity, this is an interesting story, to say the
least. The last comment about cooking food with radio waves being
unbelievable is ironic. That is the one thing that modern readers of the
story could certainly believe was true, considering the widespread use of
microwave ovens today. Who had heard of them in 1947?



Sodom and Gomorrah meet Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Probably the most famous of all ancient "nuke 'em" stories is the well-known
biblical tale of Sodom and Gomorrah:

And the Lord said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and
because their sin is very grievousÉ Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and upon
Gomorrah, brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven; And he overthrew
those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and
that which grew upon the ground. But his [Lot's] wife looked back from
behind him, and she became a pillar of saltÉ And lo, the smoke of the
country went up as the smoke of a furnace. (Genesis 18:20; 19:24-26,28)

This biblical passage has come to epitomise the destructive power of God's
wrath visited on those places which sin. The Bible is very specific about
the site of Sodom and Gomorrah plus several other towns; they were in the
Vale of Siddim, which was located at the southern end of the Salt Sea (now
called the Dead Sea). Other towns in the area, according to the Bible, were
Zoar, Admah and Zeboiim (Genesis 14:2). As late as the Middle Ages, a town
called Zoar existed in the area.

The Dead Sea is 1,293 feet [394 metres] below sea level and at least 1,200
feet [365 m] deep. The bottom of the sea is therefore about 2,500 feet [762
m] below the level of the Mediterranean. Approximately 25 per cent of the
water of the Dead Sea consists of solid ingredients, mostly sodium chloride.
Normal ocean water is around 4.6 per cent salt. The Jordan and many smaller
rivers empty themselves into this basin, which has no solitary outlet. What
its tributaries bring to it in the way of chemical substances remain
deposited in the Dead Sea's 500 square miles. Evaporation under the broiling
sun takes place on the surface of the sea at a rate of over 230 million
cubic feet per day. Arab tradition has it that so many poisonous gases come
out of the lake that birds could not fly across it, as they would die before
reaching the other side.

The Dead Sea was first explored in modern times in 1848 when W. F. Lynch, an
American geologist, led an expedition. He brought ashore from his government
research ship two metal boats which he fastened onto large-wheeled carts.
Pulled by a long team of horses, his expedition reached the Dead Sea some
months later. Lynch and his team discovered that the traditions were correct
in that a man could not sink in the sea. They also surveyed the lake, noting
its unusual depth and the shallow area or "tongue" at the southern end of
the lake. This area is thought to be where the Vale of Siddim was located
and the five cities existed. It is possible to see entire forests of trees
encrusted with salt beneath the water in this southern part of the lake.

Standard historical theory on the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, such as
in The Bible As History by Werner Keller,18 holds that the cities of the
Vale of Siddim were destroyed when a plate movement caused the Great Rift
Valley--of which the Dead Sea is a part--to shift, and the area at the
southern end of the Dead Sea to subside. In the great earthquake there were
probably explosions, natural gases issuing forth and brimstone falling like
rain. This is likely to have happened about 2000 BC, the time of Abraham and
Lot, thinks Keller, though geologists place the event many thousands of
years before this. Says Keller:

The Jordan Valley is only part of a huge fracture in the Earth's crust. The
path of this crack has meantime been accurately traced. It begins far north,
several hundred miles beyond the borders of Palestine, at the foot of the
Taurus mountains in Asia Minor. In the south it runs from the south shore of
the Dead Sea through the Wadi el-Arabah to the Gulf of Aqabah and only comes
to an end beyond the Red Sea in Africa. At many points in this vast
depression, signs of intense volcanic activity are obvious. In the Galilean
mountains, in the highlands of Transjordan, on the banks of the Jabbok, a
tributary of the Jordan, and on the Gulf of Aqabah are black basalt and
lava...

The subsidence released volcanic forces that had been lying dormant, deep
down along the whole length of the fracture. In the upper valley of the
Jordan near Bashan there are still the towering craters of extinct
volcanoes; great stretches of lava and deep layers of basalt have been
deposited on the limestone surface. From time immemorial the area around
this depression has been subject to earthquakes. There is repeated evidence
of them and the Bible itself records them...

Did Sodom and Gomorrah sink when perhaps a part of the base of this huge
fissure collapsed still further to the accompaniment of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions?

As for the pillars of salt, Keller says:

To the west of the southern shore and in the direction of the Biblical "Land
of the South", the Negeb, stretches a ridge of hills about 150 feet high and
10 miles from north to south. Their slopes sparkle and glitter in the
sunshine like diamonds. It is an odd phenomenon of nature. For the most part
this little range of hills consists of pure rock salt. The Arabs call it
Jebel Usdum, an ancient name, which preserves in it the word "Sodom". Many
blocks of salt have been worn away by the rain and have crashed downhill.
They have odd shapes and some of them stand on end, looking like statues. It
is easy to imagine them suddenly seeming to come to life.

These strange statues in salt remind us vividly of the Biblical description
of Lot's wife who was turned into a pillar of salt... And everything in the
neighbourhood of the Salt Sea is even to this day quickly covered with a
crust of salt.

However, Keller himself admits that there is a very serious problem with
this theory of a cataclysm sending the Vale of Siddim to the bottom of the
Dead Sea: it must have happened many hundreds of thousands, even millions,
of years ago--at least according to most geologists. Says Keller:

In particular, we must remember there can be no question that the Jordan
fissure was formed before about 4000 BC. Indeed, according to the most
recent presentation of the facts, the origin of the fissure dates back to
the Oligocene, the third oldest stage of the Tertiary period. We thus have
to think in terms not of thousands, but of millions of years. Violent
volcanic activity connected with the Jordan fissure has been shown to have
occurred since then, but even so we do not get any further than the
Pleistocene which came to an end approximately ten thousand years ago.
Certainly we do not come anywhere near to the third, still less the second
millennium before Christ--the period, that is to say, in which the
patriarchs are traditionally placed.

In short, Keller is saying that any geological catastrophe that would have
destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah would have had to have happened a million years
ago, or so geologists have told him. Keller says that geologists have not
found any evidence of a recent catastrophe at the southern end of the Dead
Sea, at least not for about 10,000 years. Says Keller:

In addition, it is precisely to the south of the Lisan peninsula, where
Sodom and Gomorrah are reported to have been annihilated, that the traces of
former volcanic activity cease. In short, the proof in this area of a quite
recent catastrophe which wiped out towns and was accompanied by violent
volcanic activity is not provided by the findings of the geologists.

So here is the problem: the Dead Sea area may have had a cataclysm that
could be the origin of the Old Testament story; however, conservative
uniformitarian geologists have said that any such Earth changes must have
occurred long before any sort of collective memory of the event.

In late 1999, a new theory was proposed by British Bible scholar Michael
Sanders and an international team of researchers who, after several fraught
weeks of diving in a mini-submarine, discovered what appears to be the
salt-encrusted remains of ancient settlements on the seabed. Sanders told a
television crew from BBC/Channel 4 who were making a documentary about the
expedition:

There is a good chance that these mounds are covering up brick structures
and are one of the lost cities of the plains, possibly even Sodom or
Gomorrah, though I would have to examine the evidence. These Bible stories
were handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation before they
were written down, and there seems to be a great deal in this one.

Sanders had unearthed a map dating from 1650, which reinforced his belief
that the sites of the two cities could be under the northern basin rather
than on the southern edge of the Dead Sea. He recruited Richard Slater, an
American geologist and expert in deep-sea diving, to take him to the depths
of the Dead Sea in the two-man Delta mini-submarine that was involved in the
discovery of the sunken ocean-liner, the Lusitania. Sanders's location for
Sodom and Gomorrah, in the deep northern part of the Dead Sea, is even more
at odds with history and geology than Keller's theory of the cities being at
the shallow southern end.

Therefore we come back to the popular theory that these cities were not
destroyed in a geological cataclysm but in a man-made (or
extraterrestrial-made) apocalypse that was technological in nature. Were
Sodom and Gomorrah attacked with atomic weapons, as Hiroshima and Nagasaki
were?

Researcher L. M. Lewis, in his book Footprints on the Sands of Time,19
maintains that both Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed by atomic weapons and
that the salt pillars and high salt content around the Dead Sea are evidence
of a nuclear blast. Says Lewis:

When Hiroshima was being rebuilt, stretches of sandy soil were found to have
been atomically changed into a substance resembling a glazed silicon
permeated by a saline crystalloid. Little blocks of this were cut from the
mass and sold to tourists as souvenirs of the town--and of atomic action.

Had an even larger explosion pulverized every stone of every building--and
had the complete city disappeared into thin air--there would still have been
tell-tale indications of what had occurred on the outskirts of the area of
devastation. At some points there would surely be a marked difference in the
soil or an atomic change in some object of note.

Lewis maintains that if the pillars of salt at the end of the Dead Sea were
ordinary salt, they would have disappeared with the periodic rains. Instead,
these pillars are of a special, harder salt, only created in a nuclear
reaction such as an atomic explosion.

These pillars of salt have indeed lasted a long time. Not only were they
present in ancient times, but are still standing today. Lewis quotes from
the historian Josephus, who says in his History of the Jews:

Ébut Lot's wife, continually turning back to view the city as she went from
it, although God had forbidden her so to do, was changed into a pillar of
salt; for I have seen it, and it remains to this day.

Comments Lewis:

It should be emphasized that Flavius Josephus lived from 37 to approximately
100 AD. As previously stated, Sodom was disintegrated in 1898 BC. How
amazing, then, that Josephus should actually have seen the human "pillar of
salt" after it had stood for almost 2,000 years! If it had been ordinary
salt, it would have disappeared with the first rains.

There may have been many pillars of salt throughout history, but Lewis
thinks the evidence supports an atomic blast:

The atomic change of the soil upon which Lot's wife stood and that of the
shore of Hiroshima have a similarity that cannot be denied! Both had
undergone a sudden atomic conversion which could only have been caused by
the instant action of nuclear fission. As those things which equal the same
thing must be equal to one another, it is difficult to escape the conviction
that as Hiroshima was destroyed, so, by similar means, Sodom was
disintegrated and Lot's wife at the same moment atomically changed. Relying
on the veracity of Josephus, the only conclusion that can be reached is that
Sodom was destroyed by nuclear fission.

The story of Sodom and Gomorrah is puzzling not just because of the
destruction but also because of the personalities involved, such as the
angel warning Lot to leave the doomed cities. Was Lot warned beforehand that
the cities were going to be "nuked" by extraterrestrials or humans with
high-tech weapons? Lot was warned to get his family out, but his wife looked
back and was blinded by the atomic flash. Perhaps her body was even
atomically changed.

At the southern end of the Dead Sea today is a modern chemical plant that
looks like an alien base. Strange towers shoot up out of the desert. Bizarre
buildings with domes and spires are covered with multi-coloured lights. One
expects to see a flying saucer land at any moment. It is the Dead Sea
Chemical Works. During the day it looks like an oil refinery or something
similar, but at night the lights that are strung about the facility make it
seem otherworldly. This huge chemical plant is said to have an endless
supply of valuable minerals, including radioactive salts, with which to
work. Are some of these chemicals the result of an ancient atomic blast?



Atomic War in Ancient India

These verses are from the Mahabharata (written in ancient Dravidian, then
later in Sanskrit) and describe horrific wars fought long before the
recorder's lifetime.

¥ Various omens appeared among the gods: winds blew, meteors fell in
thousands, thunder rolled through a cloudless sky.
¥ There he saw a wheel with a rim as sharp as a razor whirling around the
soma... Then taking the soma, he broke the whirling machine...
¥ Drona called Arjuna and said: "Accept from me this irresistible weapon
called Brahmasira. But you must promise never to use it against a human foe,
for if you did it might destroy the world. If any foe who is not a human
attacks you, you may use it against him in battleÉ None but you deserves the
celestial weapon that I gave you."

This is a curious statement, as what other kind of foe different from a
human might there have been? Are we talking about an interplanetary war?

¥ I shall fight you with a celestial weapon given to me by Drona. He then
hurled the blazing weapon...
¥ At last they came to blows, and seizing their maces struck each otherÉthey
fell like falling suns.
¥ These huge animals, like mountains struck by Bhima's mace, fell with their
heads broken, fell upon the ground like cliffs loosened by thunder.¥ Bhima
took him by the arm and dragged him away to an open place where they began
to fight like two elephants mad with rage. The dust they raised resembled
the smoke of a forest fire; it covered their bodies so that they looked like
swaying cliffs wreathed in mist.
¥ Arjuna and Krishna rode to and fro in their chariots on either side of the
forest and drove back the creatures which tried to escape. Thousands of
animals were burnt, pools and lakes began to boil... The flames even reached
Heaven... Indra without loss of time set out for Khandava and covered the
sky with masses of clouds; the rain poured down but it was dried in mid-air
by the heat.

Several historical records claim that Indian culture has been around for
literally tens of thousands of years. Yet, until 1920, all the "experts"
agreed that the origins of the Indian civilisation should be placed within a
few hundred years of Alexander the Great's expedition to the subcontinent in
327 BC. However, that was before several great cities like Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro (Mound of the Dead), Kot Diji, Kalibanga and Lothal were
discovered and excavated. Lothal, a former port city now miles from the
ocean, was discovered in Gujarat, western India, just in the late 20th
century.20 These discoveries have forced archaeologists to push back the
dates for the origin of Indian civilisation by thousands of years--in line
with what the Indians themselves have insisted all along.

A wonder to modern-day researchers, the cities were highly developed and
advanced. The way that each city was laid out in regular blocks, with
streets crossing each other at right angles and the entire city laid out in
sections, gives archaeologists cause to believe that the cities were
conceived as a whole before they were built--a remarkable early example of
city planning. Even more remarkable is that the plumbing/sewage systems
throughout the large cities were so sophisticated--superior to those found
in Pakistan, India and many Asian countries today. Sewers were covered, and
most homes had private toilets and running water. Furthermore, the water and
sewage systems were kept well separated.21, 22, 23

This advanced culture had its own writing, which has never been deciphered.
The people used personalised clay seals, much as the Chinese still do today,
to officialise documents and letters. Some of the seals found contain
figures of animals that are unknown to us today, including an extinct form
of the Brahman bull.

Archaeologists really have no idea who the builders were, but their attempts
to date the ruins (which they ascribe to the "Indus Valley civilisation",
also called "Harappan") have come up with something like 2500 BC and older,
but radiation from the wars apparently fought in the area may have thrown
off the date.

The Rama Empire, described in the Mahabharata and Ramayana, was supposedly
contemporaneous with the great cultures of Atlantis and Osiris in the West.

Atlantis, well known from Plato's writings and ancient Egyptian records,
apparently existed in the mid-Atlantic and was a highly technological and
patriarchal civilisation.

The Osirian civilisation existed in the Mediterranean basin and northern
Africa, according to esoteric doctrine and archaeological evidence, and is
generally known as pre-dynastic Egypt. It was flooded when Atlantis sank and
the Mediterranean began to fill up with water.

The Rama Empire flourished during the same period, according to esoteric
tradition, fading out in the millennium after the destruction of the
Atlantean continent.

As noted above, the ancient Indian epics describe a series of horrific
wars--wars which could have been fought between ancient India and Atlantis,
or perhaps a third party in the Gobi region of western China. The
Mahabharata and the Drona Parva speak of the war and of the weapons used:
great fireballs that could destroy a whole city; "Kapila's Glance", which
could burn 50,000 men to ashes in seconds; and flying spears that could ruin
whole "cities full of forts".

The Rama Empire was started by the Nagas (Naacals) who had come into India
from Burma and ultimately from "the Motherland to the east"--or so Colonel
James Churchward was told. After settling in the Deccan Plateau in northern
India, they made their capital in the ancient city of Deccan, where the
modern city of Nagpur stands today.

The empire of the Nagas apparently began to extend all over northern India
to include the cities of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Kot Diji (now in
Pakistan), as well as Lothal, Kalibanga, Mathura and possibly other cities
such as Benares, Ayodha and Pataliputra.

These cities were led by "Great Teachers" or "Masters" who were the
benevolent aristocracy of the Rama civilisation. Today they are generally
called "Priest-Kings" of the Indus Valley civilisation, and a number of
statues of these so-called gods have been discovered. In reality, these were
apparently men whose mental and psychic powers were of a degree that seems
incredible to most people of today. It was at the height of power for both
the Rama Empire and Atlantis that the war allegedly broke out, seemingly
because of Atlantis's attempt to subjugate Rama.

According to the Lemurian Fellowship lesson materials, the populace
surrounding Mu (Lemuria, which predated the other civilisations) eventually
split into two opposing factions: those who prized practicality and those
who prized spirituality. The citizenry, or educated elite, of Mu itself was
balanced equally in these two qualities. The citizenry encouraged the other
groups to emigrate to uninhabited lands. Those who prized practicality
emigrated to the Poseid Island group (Atlantis), and those who prized
spirituality eventually ended up in India. The Atlanteans, a patriarchal
civilisation with an extremely materialistic, technologically oriented
culture, deemed themselves "Masters of the World" and eventually sent a
well-equipped army to India in order to subjugate the Rama Empire and bring
it under the suzerainty of Atlantis.

One account of the battle, related by the Lemurian Fellowship, tells how the
Rama Empire Priest-Kings defeated the Atlanteans. Equipped with a formidable
force and a "fantastic array of weapons", the Atlanteans landed in their
vailixi outside one of the Rama cities, got their troops in order and sent a
message to the ruling Priest-King of the city that he should surrender. The
Priest-King sent word back to the Atlantean General:

We of India have no quarrel with you of Atlantis. We ask only that we be
permitted to follow our own way of life.

Regarding the ruler's mild request as a confession of weakness and expecting
an easy victory--as the Rama Empire did not possess the technology of war or
the aggressiveness of the Atlanteans--the Atlantean General sent another
message:

We shall not destroy your land with the mighty weapons at our command,
provided you pay sufficient tribute and accept the rulership of Atlantis.

The Priest-King of the city responded humbly again, seeking to avert war:

We of India do not believe in war and strife, peace being our ideal. Neither
would we destroy you or your soldiers who but follow orders. However, if you
persist in your determination to attack us without cause and merely for the
purpose of conquest, you will leave us no recourse but to destroy you and
all of your leaders. Depart, and leave us in peace.

Arrogantly, the Atlanteans did not believe that the Indians had the power to
stop them, certainly not by technical means. At dawn, the Atlantean army
began to march on the city. From a high viewpoint, the Priest-King sadly
watched the army advance. Then he raised his arms heavenward, and using a
particular mental technique he caused the General and then each officer in
order of rank to drop dead in his tracks, perhaps of some sort of heart
failure. In a panic, and without leaders, the remaining Atlantean force fled
to the waiting vailixi and retreated in terror to Atlantis. Of the sieged
Rama city, not one man was lost.

While this may be nothing but fanciful conjecture, the Indian epics go on to
tell the rest of the horrible story, and things do not turn out well for
Rama. Assuming the above story is true, Atlantis was not pleased at the
humiliating defeat and therefore used its most powerful and destructive
weapon--quite possibly an atomic-type weapon!

Consider these verses from the ancient Mahabharata:

...(it was) a single projectile
Charged with all the power of the Universe.
An incandescent column of smoke and flame
As bright as the thousand suns
Rose in all its splendour...


..it was an unknown weapon,
An iron thunderbolt,
A gigantic messenger of death,
Which reduced to ashes
The entire race of the Vrishnis and the Andhakas.


..The corpses were so burned
As to be unrecognisable.
The hair and nails fell out;
Pottery broke without apparent cause,
And the birds turned white.


After a few hours
All foodstuffs were infected...
...to escape from this fire
The soldiers threw themselves in streams
To wash themselves and their equipment.24

In the way we traditionally view ancient history, it seems absolutely
incredible that there was an atomic war approximately 10,000 years ago. And
yet, of what else could the Mahabharata be speaking? Perhaps this is just a
poetic way to describe cavemen clubbing each other to death; after all, that
is what we are told the ancient past was like. Until the bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, modern mankind could not imagine any weapon as
horrible and devastating as those described in the ancient Indian texts. Yet
they very accurately described the effects of an atomic explosion.
Radioactive poisoning will make hair and nails fall out. Immersing oneself
in water gives some respite, though is not a cure.

Interestingly, Manhattan Project chief scientist Dr J. Robert Oppenheimer
was known to be familiar with ancient Sanskrit literature. In an interview
conducted after he watched the first atomic test, he quoted from the
Bhagavad Gita:

'Now I am become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds.'
I suppose we all felt that way.

When asked in an interview at Rochester University seven years after the
Alamogordo nuclear test whether that was the first atomic bomb ever to be
detonated, his reply was:

Well, yes, in modern history.25



Great Civilisations Meet their Doom

Incredible as it may seem, archaeologists have found evidence in India and
Pakistan, indicating that some cities were destroyed in atomic explosions.
When excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reached the street level, they
discovered skeletons scattered about the cities, many holding hands and
sprawling in the streets as if some instant, horrible doom had taken place.
People were just lying, unburied, in the streets of the city. And these
skeletons are thousands of years old, even by traditional archaeological
standards. What could cause such a thing? Why did the bodies not decay or
get eaten by wild animals? Furthermore, there is no apparent cause of a
physically violent death.

These skeletons are among the most radioactive ever found, on par with those
at Nagasaki and Hiroshima. At one site, Soviet scholars found a skeleton
which had a radioactive level 50 times greater than normal.26

The Russian archaeologist A. Gorbovsky mentions the high incidence of
radiation associated with the skeletons in his 1966 book, Riddles of Ancient
History.27 Furthermore, thousands of fused lumps, christened "black stones",
have been found at Mohenjo-Daro. These appear to be fragments of clay
vessels that melted together in extreme heat.

Other cities have been found in northern India that show indications of
explosions of great magnitude. One such city, found between the Ganges and
the mountains of Rajmahal, seems to have been subjected to intense heat.
Huge masses of walls and foundations of the ancient city are fused together,
literally vitrified! And since there is no indication of a volcanic eruption
at Mohenjo-Daro or at the other cities, the intense heat to melt clay
vessels can only be explained by an atomic blast or some other unknown
weapon.28, 29, 30 The cities were wiped out entirely.

If we accept the Lemurian Fellowship stories as fact, then Atlantis wanted
to waste no more time with the Priest-Kings of Rama and their mental tricks.
In terrifying revenge, they utterly destroyed the Rama Empire, leaving no
country even to pay tribute to them. The areas around the cities of Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro have also been desolated in the past, though agriculture
takes place to a limited extent in the vicinity today.

It is said in esoteric literature that Atlantis at the same time, or shortly
afterwards, also attempted to subjugate a civilisation extant in the area of
the Gobi Desert, which was then a fertile plain. By using so-called scalar
wave weaponry and firing through the centre of the Earth, they wiped out
their adversaries--and possibly did themselves in at the same time!

Much speculation naturally exists in connection with remote history. We may
never actually know the complete truth, though ancient texts still in
existence are certainly a good start.

Atlantis met its own doom, according to Plato, by sinking into the ocean in
a mighty cataclysm--not too long after the war with the Rama Empire, I
imagine.

Kashmir is also connected with the fantastic war that destroyed the Rama
Empire in ancient times. The massive ruins of a temple called Parshaspur can
be found just outside Srinagar. It is a scene of total destruction. Huge
blocks of stone are scattered about a wide area, giving the impression of
explosive annihilation.31 Was Parshaspur destroyed by some fantastic weapon
during one of the horrendous battles detailed in the Mahabharata?

Another curious sign of an ancient nuclear war in India is a giant crater
near Bombay. The nearly circular 2,154-metre-diameter Lonar crater, located
400 kilometres northeast of Bombay and aged at less than 50,000 years old,
could be related to nuclear warfare of antiquity. No trace of any meteoric
material, etc., has been found at the site or in the vicinity, and this is
the world's only known "impact" crater in basalt. Indications of great shock
(from a pressure exceeding 600,000 atmospheres) and intense, abrupt heat
(indicated by basalt glass spherules) can be ascertained from the site.

Orthodoxy cannot, of course, concede nuclear possibilities for such craters,
even in the absence of any material meteorite or related evidence. If such
geologically recent craters as the Lonar are of meteoric origin, then why
don't such tremendous meteorites fall today? The Earth's atmosphere 50,000
years ago probably was not much different from today's, so a lighter
atmosphere cannot be advanced as an hypothesis to explain an immense-sized
meteorite, which of course would be considerably reduced by heat oxidisation
within a gaseously heavier atmosphere. A theory was advanced by American
space consultant Pat Frank, to the effect that some of the huge craters on
the Earth may be scars from ancient nuclear explosions!32

The echoes of ancient atomic warfare in southern Asia continue to this day,
with India and Pakistan currently threatening each other. Modern India is
proud of its nukes, likening them to "Rama's Arrow". Similarly, Pakistan
would love to use its Islamic atomic bombs on India. Ironically, Kashmir,
possibly the site of an earlier atomic war, is the focus of this conflict.
Will the past repeat itself in Pakistan and India?

There is always the possibility that this has all happened before. Déjà vu!



Endnotes
18. Keller, Werner, The Bible As History, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1956.
19. Lewis, L.M., Footprints on the Sands of Time, Signet Books, New York,
1975.
20. Service, Alistair, Lost Worlds, Arco Publishing, New York, 1981.
21. ibid.
22. Kolosimo, Peter, Timeless Earth, University Press, Secaucus, New Jersey,
1974.
23. Reader's Digest, The World's Last Mysteries, Reader's Digest
Association, Inc., Pleasantville, New York, 1976.
24. Berlitz, Charles, Mysteries of Forgotten Worlds, Doubleday, New York,
1972.
25. ibid.
26. ibid.
27. Gorbovsky, A., Riddles of Ancient History, Soviet Publishers, Moscow,
1966.
28. Kolosimo, ibid.
29. Tomas, Andrew, We Are Not the First, Souvenir Press, London, 1971.
30. Gorbovsky, ibid.
31. Childress, David Hatcher, Lost Cities of China, Central Asia & India,
Adventures Unlimited Press, Stelle, Illinois, 1991.
32. Collyns, Robin, Laserbeams From Star Cities, Sphere Books, London, 1971.


About the Author:
David Hatcher Childress is an explorer, publisher and author of more than 15
books on lost civilisations and science as well as on free energy,
antigravity and UFOs. He is a regular speaker on the conference circuit and
a sought-after guest on US radio talk shows and TV specials.
This article is extracted from his new book, Technology of the Gods: The
Incredible Sciences of the Ancients (Adventures Unlimited Press), reviewed
in NEXUS 7/05.






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