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+----------------------------------+
| HOST: An Electronic Bulletin |
| for the History and Philosophy |
| of Science and Technology |
|----------------------------------|
| Volume 1, Number 2 |
| Spring/Summer |
| June, 1993. |
| ISSN # 1192-084 X. |
+----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Institute for the History | Produced by IHPST through |
| and Philosophy of Science | the HOST BBS on EPAS and |
| and Technology, Room 316, | E-Mail, through INTERNET at |
| 73 Queen's Park Crescent, | JSMITH@EPAS.UTORONTO.CA |
| Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | IHPST@EPAS.UTORONTO.CA |
| M5S1K7 [IHPST]. |-----------------------------|
| Phone: (416) 978-5047. | Editors: Julian A. Smith |
| Fax: (416) 978-3003. | Gordon H. Baker |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------+
| Contents |
+------------+
Subscriber's Information
About our Contributors
Articles/Works in Progress
(1) Peter J. Burkholder:
Alciun of York's _Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes_; ("Propositions
for Sharpening Youths"); Introduction and Commentary.
(2) Peter J. Burkholder:
_Propositiones Alcuini Doctoris Caroli Magni Imperatoris ad Acuendes
Juvenes_; _Propositions of Alciun, A Teacher of Emperor Charlemagne,
for Sharpening Youths_; Translation.
(3) Sharon Low:
Richard Goldschmidt and William Bateson: Opposition to the Classical
Conception of the Gene; Obstructionists or Visionaries?
Electronic Resources
(1) Julian A. Smith:
LISTSERVER Mailing Lists/Discussion Groups on BITNET/INTERNET for
the Historian and Philosopher of Science and Technology.
(2) Julian A. Smith:
Using "Newsgroups" through BITNET/INTERNET.
Book Reviews
(1) _Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed_, by
Palmiro Campagna.
(2) _The People's Railway: A History of Canadian National_, by Donald
MacKay.
(3) _The American Way of Birth_, by Jessica Mitford
(4) _Loss of Eden: A Biography of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh_,
by Joyce Milton.
(5) _The Art of Medieval Technology_, by Richard W. Ungur.
(6) _Hidden Attraction: The Mystery and History of Magnetism_, by
Gerrit L. Verschuur.
(7) _Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry -- And Made
Himself the Richest Man in America_, by Stephen Manes and Paul
Andrews.
(8) _The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic
Frontier_, by Bruce Sterling.
Information for Authors
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------+
| Subscriber's Information |
+--------------------------+
HOST: An Electronic Bulletin for the History and Philosophy of Science
and Technology,is produced by the Institute for the History and Philosophy
of Science and Technology (or IHPST) at Victoria College, Room 316, 73
Queen's Park Crescent, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S
1K7. HOST appears 2 times a year, Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter, and
contains articles, works in progress, research notes, communications,
book reviews, electronic resources, and news of interest to the
profession.
The HOST Bulletin is distributed in several formats. Copies through E-
Mail (INTERNET at JSMITH@EPAS.UTORONTO.CA or GBAKER@EPAS.UTORONTO.CA) are
available free. Printed copies ($8) or disk copies ($5) may also be
ordered from IHPST at the address above, and by telephone at 416-978-5047,
or fax at 416-978-3003. Inquiries, subscription orders, submissions, and
review copies of books should be sent to IHPST, addressed
to the HOST Bulletin editors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------+
| About our Contributors |
+------------------------+
Gordon H. Baker is a B.A. candidate at IHPST, and an editor of the HOST
Bulletin. Mr. Baker's research interests include 19th century medicine, and
the history of science in Canada.
Julian A. Smith is a Ph.D. candidate at IHPST, and a History of Science
Instructor at Ryerson Polytechnical University, Toronto. He is also one of
the editors of the HOST Bulletin. Mr. Smith's research interests include
medieval physics, 19th century medicine, astronomy and cartography in
Canada, and the history of mathematics.
Sharon Low has recently completed her undergraduate degree at the
University of Toronto's Trinity College. She specializes in zoology, has a
psychology major and is interested in Biological Rhythms (the subject of
her thesis). She is now taking graduate level studies in neuroscience in
the United States. Her paper on Goldschmidt and Bateson (in this journal)
was the winner of the 1992 IHPST Undergraduate Essay Competition.
Peter Burkholder was recently a graduate student (MA) at IHPST, but has
recently transferred his Doctoral studies to the University of Minnesota in
Minneapolis. His interests are in medieval studies and the history of
mathematics.
Steven Walton is a graduate student (MA) at IHPST. He has completed an
M.A. in Engineering at Cornell University. His interests are in medieval
studies and the history of technology.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------+
| Articles/Works in Progress |
+----------------------------+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alciun of York's _Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes_
("Propositions for Sharpening Youths")
Introduction and Commentary
By Peter J. Burkholder
Received May, 1992
Revised March, 1993
Introduction
In the year 782, Alcuin of York (735-804) was summoned to the court of
Charlemagne in Frankia. By this point, the Frankish king's domain covered
much of modern France; Lombardy had been subjected; authority had been
established on the Spanish March; and Bavaria was soon to be Christianized.
With his sphere of influence thus extended, Charlemagne was able to turn
his interests to the revitalization of education among his peoples. It was
for this reason that Alcuin's presence was requested on the Continent.
Alcuin, also known by his Latin name of Albinus, was born in Northumbria
in the year of the Venerable Bede's death.[1] He spent time studying in
Italy and taught at the cathedral school of York before assuming his place
at the court of Charlemagne in 782. Alcuin played an integral part in the
so-called "Carolingian Renaissance," founding the palace school at Aix-la-
Chapelle where the seven liberal arts were taught according to the
educational system of Cassiodorus (ca. 490-580). His most important
writings were his revisions of the Vulgate and his voluminous letters,[2]
the latter being collated in the ninth century as a model of Latin
composition. Alcuin eventually assumed the position of abbot at the abbey
of St-Martin of Tours where he founded an important library and school, and
where he remained until his death on May 19, 804.
During the course of his tenure, Alcuin is credited with having written a
set of mathematical exercises entitled "Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes"
or "Propositions for Sharpening Youths." These problems and their
solutions, 53 in number, serve as valuable evidence of the state of
mathematical education under the Carolingian kings. To the best of my
knowledge, a complete translation of, and commentary on, the Propositions
has never been undertaken, while scholarly treatment of them has been
cursory at best. It is hoped that such an endeavor will shed new light on
our knowledge of medieval mathematics and mathematical education. Before
delving into the Propositions themselves, however, discussion of the
problem of authorship is offered.
The Problem of Authorship
The composition of the Propositions can only be tentatively attributed to
Alcuin. The most compelling reason to ascribe them as such is the title
given at the head of the manuscript used for the Migne edition:
"Propositiones Alcuini doctoris Caroli Magni imperatoris ad acuendos
juvenes."[3] This particular manuscript is a codex from the monastery
Augia Dives, known today as Richenau near Constance, Switzerland. The
monastery was secularized in 1803, with the manuscripts being dispersed
between Karlsruhe, London, Stuttgart, St. Paul in Carinthia, and Zurich.[4]
The manuscript is described by the editor as being "very old," but this is
by no means conclusive evidence of its origin.[5]
J.A. Giles, who edited Bede's works in which a version of the
Propositions appears,[6] judges that the style of the queries is
sufficiently like that of Alcuin to imply that he was indeed the original
author.[7] Conversely, the literary manner in which the Propositions are
stated is very unlike anything produced by Bede, and thus cannot be
considered his. Corroborating evidence that Alcuin may have been the
author of the Propositions comes from a letter sent to Charlemagne in which
Alcuin states, "I have sent to your Excellency...some simple arithmetical
problems for reason of pleasure."[8] Such testimony is, of course,
tenuous, for Alcuin's authorship of the Propositions is in no way assured
simply because he sent a copy of them to his king.
There is other evidence, though inconclusive, which indicates that the
Propositions may have been penned by Alcuin. In an interesting
mathematical correspondence which took place around 1025, two monks of
Cologne and Liege make reference to a work entitled _Albinus_ the Latinized
form of Alcuin's name.[9] The context in which the work is used is a
debate over the relation of a square's side to its diagonal. Although the
Propositions specifically treat no such problems, there are instances of
geometrical methods employed for questions of land measurement and
circumference. Thus, we have an instance where Alcuin's Propositions may
have been widely utilized in the early eleventh century, and commonly
known as his work.
As stated, there is evidence suggesting that the Propositions may have
been the work of the Venerable Bede (672-735). An almost word-for-word
version of this treatise appears under the heading "Incipiunt aliae
propositiones ad acuendos juvenes" in Bede's works.[10] If this were
indeed the case, Alcuin obviously could not have been the original author.
However, it is worth noting that Bede never makes any mention of the
Propositions, even in his own listing of his works. Moreover, Giles cites
a number of scientific writings attributed to Bede, including the
Propositions, which must be considered unauthentic.[11] For these reasons,
Bede's version of the Propositions appears in Migne under the heading
"Dubious and Spurious Works."
Based on a manuscript at Leyden,[12] Smith argues that the probable
compiler of the Propositions was a monk named Ademar or Aymar of the
ancient house of Chabanais, who lived from 988 to 1030. The problems
contained therein seem to be based on Aesop's Fables, begun by Aesop
himself in Samos during the seventh century B.C., and modified by Babrius
around the third century. What the connection is between Aesop's and
Alcuin's works is not readily apparent, and Smith fails to elaborate on his
point. However, based in part on the method of presentation, Thiele
believes that Ademar did indeed author the Propositions.[13]
Except for Giles, scholars are reluctant to give Alcuin credit for
production of the Propositions, mainly on the grounds that he contributed
little or nothing of originality to learning, and because the vast majority
of his writings were works on theology. Thus, Alcuin assumes the typical
medieval scholastic role as transmitter of knowledge, not producer of new
material. A comprehensive study of the various manuscripts would no doubt
help determine the actual author of the Propositions.
The Problems Themselves
The fifty-three problems which make up the Propositions follow a basic
general pattern: a brief heading, a statement of the problem, a request
for an answer to the problem, and a solution. There can be little doubt
that the problems were read aloud,[14] possibly with the students copying
them down on papyrus, tree bark or parchment.[15] A call for a response
was then elicited of the form, "Let him say, he who is able..." Some of
the problems such as those pertaining to logic exercises could have been
deciphered with no recourse to writing; others involving drawn out
arithmetic computations could have taken quite some effort to compute,
particularly when working with clumsy Roman numerals.
There is no strict categorical framework for the problems, although
clusters of certain types appear intermittently. Only two problems (1 &
26) pertain to rates and distances, the first being a very odd hypothetical
situation involving a snail's arduous and drawn out trek to a luncheon; the
second and more advanced problem involves a dog's pursuit of a hare,[16]
and actually involves two rates over differing distances. It is as
follows:
There is a field which is 150 feet long. At one end stood a dog, at
the other, a hare. The dog advanced behind the hare, namely, to chase the
hare. But whereas the dog went nine feet per stride, the hare went [only]
seven. Let him say, he who wishes, How many feet and how many leaps did
the dog take in pursuing the fleeing hare until it was caught?
Alcuin's solution is ingenious, though cryptic. Whereas we might solve
such a problem by two equations and two unknowns, Alcuin notes that the
differing rates of the animals is the key to the entire problem:
The length of the field was 150 feet. Taking half of 150 makes 75. The
dog was covering nine feet per stride, and nine times 75 makes 675. The
dog thus ran this many feet in chasing the rabbit until it caught the
rabbit with its tenacious teeth. And indeed, because the rabbit went seven
feet per stride, take 75 seven times. This is how many feet the fleeing
rabbit travelled before being caught.
The reason for dividing the field in half may not be so clear, but it
simply corresponds to partitioning the field by the difference of the
animals' feet per stride, in this case, two. Alcuin then takes the
measurement obtained by thus dividing and multiplies it by the respective
rates of dog and hare to arrive at the correct answer.
This method can be generalized as follows. The dog must always cover the
space between it and the hare (d1) plus the additional distance covered by
the hare (d2). If the dog's rate is r1, then the equation describing the
distance traversed by the dog is given by d1+d2=r1t. (1) In a similar
fashion, the hare's flight is denoted by d2=r2t. (2) Substituting the
value of d2 in (2) into (1) yields d1+r2t=r1t. Thus d1=t(r1-r2). (3) From
(1), we know that t=(d1+d2)/r1, and putting this value of t into (3)
results in d1=(d1+d2)(r1-r2)/r1. Rearranging this equations yields
d1+d2=r1d1/(r1-r2). This is exactly what Alcuin's method does. It says
that the total distance covered by, for instance, the dog is simply the
intervening expanse divided by the difference of the two animals' rates,
times the dog's rate. It is easy to see the advantages that such a method
offers in an oral instruction setting.
A much larger corpus of problems (e.g. 2, 3, 4) might best be described
as those of an unknown quantity. In each exercise, the reader is told that
a certain quantity of people, animals or objects, if doubled, tripled, or
in some other way arithmetically manipulated, adds up to 100. A typical
example is problem 36:
A certain old man greeted a boy, saying to him: "May you live, boy, may
you live for as long as you have [already] lived, and then another equal
amount of time, and then three times as much. And may God grant you one of
my years, and you shall live to be 100." Let him solve, he who can, How
many years old was the boy at that time?
The answer is a bit trickier than it might appear at first glance, for it
must be remembered that it is difficult to use base-10 arithmetic in
solving a problem dealing with a 12-month year:
When [the old man] said "may you live for as long as you have lived,"
[the boy] had [already] lived eight years, three months. Another equal
number of years would make 16 years, six months, while another equal span
makes 33 years. Three times this makes 99 years, which with one more year
added makes 100.
It would have been a rather simple affair for Alcuin to have invented
such an exercise by starting with 100 and working backwards, and then
extrapolating the procedure to other problems of the same genre. A
slightly more complicated query of this type can be found in problem 40,
where portions of the original quantity are doubled, halved, and then
added:
A certain man saw from a mountain some sheep grazing and said, "O that I
could have so many, and then just as many more, and then half of half of
this [added], and then another half of this half. Then I, as the 100th
[member], might head back to my home together." Let him solve, he who can,
How many sheep did the man see grazing?
Again, such a scenario could have easily been derived by beginning with
100, and then arithmetically manipulating it until the desired problem was
in order:
36 sheep were first seen by the man when he said, "O that I could have so
many." Adding an equal number makes 72, and a half of half of this, that
is, of 36, makes 18. And again, a half of this, that is, of 18, makes
nine. Therefore add 36 and 36, making 72. Add to this 18, which makes 90.
Then add nine to 90, making 99. The man himself added to these will be the
100th one.
The only precaution which would be necessary would be to make sure that
fractions do not occur, and this could be easily checked.
A third type of problem which Alcuin presents to the student is that of
dividing quantities amongst various parties. This sometimes involves the
division of an inheritance between sons, as in problem 12:
A certain father died and left as an inheritance to his three sons 30
glass flasks, of which 10 were full of oil; another 10 were half full,
while another 10 were empty. Divide, he who can, the oil and flasks so
that an equal share of the commoditites should equally come down to the
three sons, both of oil and glass.
There is little doubt that anyone, whether trained in mathematics or not,
could solve such a problem. One need only pour all of the oil into a
central vat and divide the liquid and glass equally from there. However,
as an exercise, Alcuin demonstrates how such a division might be
accomplished without recourse to such crude means:
There are three sons and 30 glass flasks. However, of the flasks, 10 are
full [of oil], 10 half full, and 10 empty. Take three times 10, which
makes 30, so each son shall receive 10 flasks as his portion. Divide up
the three portions, that is, give to the first son 10 half [filled] flasks,
to the second son five full and five empty [flasks]. Do the same for the
third son, and the brothers' portions of glass and oil shall be the same.
Questions pertaining to division of an estate are traceable back to Roman
law and what is known as the Testament Problem.[17] Roman precepts made
definite provisions for the division of property upon a father's death, and
thus we find problems like number 35. Here, a father leaves behind a
pregnant wife, with instructions for division of his inheritance in the
case of either a boy or girl being born. To complicate matters, opposite
sex twins are produced. A long-winded solution of how the father's
possessions are to be divided follows.
These types of problems seem to stress logic more than arithmetic skills.
The exercises involving distribution of corn by a head of household
(paterfamilias) to his servants are slightly more complicated, as differing
amounts of corn are allowed for men, women and children:
A certain head of household had 30 servants whom he ordered to be given
30 modia of corn as follows: The men should receive three modia; the
women, two; and the children, a half [modium]. Let him solve, he who can,
How many men, women and children were there?
As in the problems dealing with an unknown quantity, Alcuin had to be
sure that his numbers worked out evenly in the end. Note, too, that he
treats fractional measurements here, as each child receives half a modium
of corn:
If you take thrice three, you get nine; if you take two five times, you
get 10; and if you take half of 22, you get 11. Thus, three men received
nine modia; five women received 10; and 22 children received 11 modia.
Adding three and five and 22 makes 30 servants. Likewise, nine and 11 and
10 makes 30 modia. Hence there are 30 servants, and 30 modia [of corn].
Problems of exactly the same type, but with varying numbers of servants
and corn, can be found in exercises 32 and 34, indicating that it was the
procedure which Alcuin wished his pupils to understand.
Alcuin's logic problems, or slight variations of them, can still be found
today in textbooks and on examinations. The most famous no doubt is the
conundrum of the man, she-goat, wolf and cabbage which needed to be ferried
across a river. (Problem 18) As only two passengers fit in the boat at
once, and since certain combinations of animals and vegetable cannot be
left alone, the reader is left to solve how a successful transport might
take place. Alcuin assumes the role of ferryman and leads us through the
problem step by step:
...I would first take the she-goat and leave behind the wolf and the
cabbage. When I had returned, I would ferry over the wolf. With the wolf
unloaded, I would retrieve the she-goat and take it back across. Then, I
would unload the she-goat and take the cabbage to the other side. I would
next row back and take the she-goat across. The crossing should go well by
doing thus, and absent from threat of slaughter.
Problems of exactly this type appear in exercises 17, 19 and 20 as well.
In each case, a long explanation of how a successful transnavigation might
be performed is offered.
Other logic problems are more straightforward and exhibit a certain
amount of humor. The answer to Alcuin's problem of how many footprints an
ox makes in the last furrow is, of course, none, "because the ox goes in
front of the plow and the plow follows it. For however many footprints the
ox makes on the ploughed earth by going first, so many the plough following
behind destroys by ploughing." (Problem 14) Another question of this type
entails a man who wishes to slaughter 300 pigs in three days, but with a
odd number being butchered per day -- a problem which Alcuin states "is
indissoluble and composed for rebuking." (Problem 43)
Alcuin's problems pertaining to area are of particular interest. They
consist of queries as to how many measurements or objects can fit inside of
a larger confine. Certain exercises we might define as dealing with
acreage, although such a term is not entirely accurate for measurements of
aripenna, the standard land quantity.[18] Other problems are of no
immediate practical value whatsoever, and are thus clearly meant as purely
mathematical exercises. Take for example the question of how many
rectangular houses can fit within a circular city (problem 29):
There is a city which is 8000 feet in circumference. Let him say, he who
is able, How many houses should the city contain, such that each [house] is
30 feet long, and 20 feet wide?
Solution:
The city measures 8000 feet around, which is divided into proportions of
one-and-a-half to one, i.e. 4800 and 3200. The length and width of the
houses are [also] of these [dimensions]. Thus, take half of each of the
above [measurements], and from the larger number there shall remain 2400,
while from the smaller, 1600. Then, divide 1600 into twenty [parts] and
you will obtain 80 times 20. In a similar fashion, [divide] the larger
number, i.e. 2400, into 30 pieces, deriving 80 times 30. Take 80 times 80,
making 6400. This many houses can be built in the city, following the
above-written proposal.
Essentially, what Alcuin does is to force the ratio of the length to
width of each house onto the city. Thus, as each house measures 30x20, the
ratio of length to width is 3:2. Alcuin breaks up the circumference of the
town into two pieces such that their ratio is 3:2 as well. Having done
this, he simply straightens out the pieces and sets them perpendicular to
one another. This, however, yields an unclosed figure. He thus divides
each side in two and rearranges the four sides in order to make a closed
structure. The ratio of 3:2 is preserved since 4800/2:3200/2 equals 3:2.
Now Alcuin has a rectangular town with a circumference of 8000 feet, and
whose dimensions are proportional to the dimensions of the houses. From
there, the problem of the number of houses which can fit in the town is
trivial.
The most obvious shortcoming of Alcuin's method is that the area enclosed
by different curves of equal length is not the same. The area of a circle
is given by pi-r-squared, whereas the area for a rectangle is denoted by
length times width. Thus, the area enclosed by a circle with a
circumference of 8000 feet is roughly 5,092,958 square feet, whereas a
rectangle measuring 1600 by 2400 encloses only 3,840,000 square feet -- a
difference of over 1.2 million square feet. The only conclusion which can
be drawn is that Alcuin was unaware of the consequences of modifying shape,
as he employs the same methodology in problems 27 and 28. In addition, we
need only note the absence of allowance for streets to realize the purely
hypothetical nature of such a problem.
There is further evidence that Alcuin's Propositions sought merely to
stir the minds of their readers as opposed to serving as a handbook for
quotidian problems. Glaring examples of this are exercises 13 and 41, both
of which teach the lesson of geometric growth.[19] In the former, a
servant is ordered by his king to assemble an army from 30 villages as
follows:
He should bring back as many men [from each successive village] as he had
taken there. Thus, [the servant] came to the first village alone; he came
with one other person to the next; three people came to the third, etc...
Such a gathering can be mathematically modelled by the relation N=2^(v),
where v is each successive village and N is the number of people assembled.
Hence, the total number of villagers conscripted would be given as S 2^(v),
with the summation beginning at v=0 and continuing to v=30 -- a figure
representing an army which was far beyond the capabilities of even the
richest or most ambitious of kings to field. Alcuin's solution gives
figures up to v=15, while the edition ascribed to Bede continues all the
way to v=30, although with errors beginning at v=22. Neither attempts to
sum the figures, nor is it expected that a student would be expected to;
rather, it was the process which undoubtedly lay at the heart of the
problem.
A similar hypothetical problem demonstrates the idea of arithmetic
progression. It has been related that when Gauss (1777-1855) was a young
student, his mathematics teacher one day instructed the class to add the
numbers one through 100. No sooner had the assignment been made than Gauss
somehow magically produced the correct figure of 5050. How had he done it?
The key to the problem is to realize that by adding corresponding low and
high figures, a simple multiplication problem unfolds. Thus, 1+100=101;
2+99=101; 3+98=101;...;49+52=101; 50+51=101. It is manifest from this that
one need only multiply the constant sum, 101, by 50, the number of sums.
In this way, the correct response of 5050 is obtained.
Alcuin's ladder problem (42) shows that this concept was already known
by the ninth century:
There is a ladder which has 100 steps. One dove sat on the first step,
two doves on the second, three on the third, four on the fourth, five on
the fifth, and so on up to the hundredth step. Let him say, he who can,
How many doves were there in all?
Solution:
There will be as many as follows: Take the dove sitting on the first
step and add it to the 99 doves sitting on the 99th step, thus getting 100.
Do the same with the second and 98th steps and you shall likewise get 100.
By combining all the steps in this order, that is, one of the higher steps
with one of the lower, you shall always get 100. The 50th step, however,
is alone and without a match; likewise, the 100th stair is alone. Add them
all and you will have 5050 doves.
We can see that with only slight modification, the above-described
concept was in place almost a thousand years before Gauss dazzled his
schoolteacher. Perhaps the young Gauss wasn't so clever after all!
Conclusion and Topics for Further Study
Whether or not Alcuin himself authored the Propositions may never be
known, but this is not of great consequence. The Propositions are
interesting problems in their own right and reveal the general state and
method of mathematical instruction around the time of Charlemagne. A
thread of continuity with classical education can be discerned in these
puzzles as well as the influence of Barbarian values of practical methods
for everyday problems. However, it must be concluded that the Propositions
sought only to instill various simple methods in its users, this being
accomplished by repeated problems of the same genre.
It should not be concluded that the Propositions are indicative of the
general state of mathematics during the eighth or ninth centuries. We have
prima facie evidence[20] that these problems were utilized primarily for
didactic purposes; thus, to argue that the Propositions are an example of
the poor state of mathematics is erroneous. While such a conclusion may be
justified, it by no means is a necessary deduction from the evidence at
hand.
The Propositions are also potentially valuable for the economic and
social insight they offer, and a spreadsheet of various weights and
measures which appear throughout the problems is included as an appendix.
Whether or not these values are consistent with contemporary conditions
awaits another study.
An Introduction to the Translations
In translating the 53 problems and answers of the Propositions, I have
utilized the Migne edition of Alcuin's works. I have annotated this text
and supplied alternate or additional versions of problems as they appear in
Bede's supposed previous work. Where differences occur, a footnote is
provided beginning with "Bede," hence referring the reader to Bede's
edition. A further comparison with Heruagius's edition of Bede's writings
revealed only trivial discrepancies, and thus alternate readings from this
work have been omitted.
A quality translation must be true both to the original language and the
language into which the material is converted. With this is mind, I have
tried to keep verb tenses consistent according to English usage despite
Alcuin's variations within a given problem. English words which have been
read into the Latin are contained within square brackets [ ] and are
either interpretive or corroborated by Bede's edition. Certain words
referring to weights and measures (e.g. aripennum, denarius, solidus) have
been left in the original. Though aripennum might be rendered "arpent" and
solidus a "sous," such translations either do little in helping us grasp
what is involved in the usage, or are modernly deceitful.
References
[1] Since the Propositions to be discussed cannot be ascribed to Alcuin
with certainty, I will offer only a very brief biographical account of the
man. Secondary literature on Alcuin is plentiful. See for example Stephen
Allott, _Alcuin of York_, (York, 1974); L. Wallach, _Alcuin and
Charlemagne_, (New York, 1959); Eleanor Duckett, _Alcuin, A Friend of
Charlemagne_, (New York, 1951); C.J.B. Gaskoin, _Alcuin: His Life and
Works_, (Cambridge, 1904); Andrew West, _Alcuin and the Rise of the
Christian Schools_, (London, 1893); and Frederick Lorenz, _The Life of
Alcuin_, Jane Slee, trans., (London, 1837). For a listing of Alcuin's
texts and translations, see George Sarton, _Introduction to the History of
Science_, 3 vols., (Baltimore, 1927), vol. 1, part 1, pp. 528-529.
[2] See Rolph Page, _The Letters of Alcuin_, (New York, 1909).
[3] _Alcuini opera omnia_, J.P. Migne, ed., vol. 2, found in _Patrologiae
latinae cursus completus..._, vol. 101, (Paris, 1863).
[4] Frederick Hall, _A Companion to Classical Texts_, (Oxford, 1913), pp.
294 & 342.
[5] D.E. Smith tells us that the oldest manuscript of the problems dates
from the eleventh century. _History of Mathematics_, 2 vols., (New York,
1923; reprint, 1951), vol. 1, p. 186.
[6] One such manuscript ascribing the Propositions to Bede is _Codex
Latinus Monacensis_, no. 14272. Its origin is either tenth or eleventh
century. See _Catalogus codicum Latinorum bibliothecae regiae monacensis_,
(Hildesheim, 1975), vol. 2,2, pp. 152-153. (This is the only ascription to
Bede noted by Lynn Thorndike, _A Catalog of Incipits of Medieval Scientific
Writings_, (Cambridge, MA, 1963).)
[7] Giles, ed., _The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede, in the Original
Latin_, 6 vols., (London, 1843), vol. 6, p. xiv.
[8] "Misi excellentiae vestrae...aliquas figuras arithmeticae subtilitatis,
laetitiae causa." Migne, op. cit., vol. 100, letter 101, col. 314, dated
anno 800.
[9] An edition of the correspondence, along with scholarly commentary, can
be found in Paul Tannery's _Memoires scientifiques_, vol. 5 of _Sciences
exactes au moyen-age-, (Paris, 1922), pp. 264-288. An earlier partial
edition is contained in Jules Clerval's _Les Ecoles de Chartres au moyen-
age, du ve au xvie siecle_, (Paris, 1895; reprint, Geneva, 1977), pp. 459-
464. I have studied these letters anew and hope to make my findings
available in the near future in a paper entitled "Speculum geometricae
undecimo saeculo: The Mathematical Correspondence of Ragimbold of Cologne
and Radulf of Liege, ca. 1025."
[10] Migne, op. cit., vol. 90, cols. 667-676. These also appear in volume
one of Joannes Hervagius's edition of Bede's _Opera Bedae Venerabilis..._,
8 vols. bound in 4, (Basil, 1563), but are not included in Giles's edition.
The most notable difference between Bede's version and that of Alcuin is
the lack of solutions for problems 36-53 in the former.
[11] Giles, op. cit., vol. 6, pp. ix-xv.
[12] Georg Thiele, ed., _Der Illustrierte lateinische Aesop in der
Handschrift des Ademar_, Codex Vossianus Lat. Oct. 15, Fol. 195-205,
(Leiden, 1905).
[13] Ibid., pp. 23-25.
[14] Vera Sanford specifically places Alcuin's Propositions under the
rubric "Verbal Problems." _A Short History of Mathematics_, (Boston,
1930), pp. 212-213.
[15] For the materials available to schoolchildren, see Pierre Riche,
_Education and Culture in the Barbarian West, Sixth through Eighth
Centuries_, trans. from the third edition by John Contreni, (Columbia, SC,
1976), pp. 458-462.
[16] Smith describes this problem as being "already ancient" by Alcuin's
time, but fails to cite any precedents. Op. cit., 187. Sanford dates
pursuit problems to Roman legionaries, whose stride was so uniform that
time schedules could be worked out for marching from place to place. Op.
cit., pp. 217-218.
[17] See Sanford, op. cit., pp. 218-219.
[18] The use of aripenna and the smaller perticae, of course, implies that
such measurements were standard and well-known to all. From problem 25, we
can deduce that one aripennum equals 184.53 perticae.
[19] Sanford regards problems of geometric progression as some of the
oldest types of mathematical endeavors, and cites extant Babylonian tablets
from ca. 2000 b.c. to this effect. Op. cit., pp. 174-176.
[20] See problem 43.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
_Propositiones Alcuini Doctoris Caroli Magni
Imperatoris ad Acuendes Juvenes_ [1]
_Propositions of Alciun, A Teacher of Emperor
Charlemagne, for Sharpening Youths_
Translation
By Peter J. Burkholder
Received May, 1992
Revised March, 1993.
I. propositio de limace.
Limax fuit ab hierundine invitatus ad prandium infra leucam unam. In die
autem non potuit plus quam unam unciam pedis ambulare. Dicat, qui velit,
in quot diebus [2] ad idem prandium ipse limax perambulabat?
1. proposition concerning the snail.
A snail was invited by a swallow to lunch a league away. However, it could
not walk further than one inch per day. Let him say, he who wishes, How
many [years and] days did it take for the snail to walk to that lunch?
Sequitur solutio de limace.
In leuca una sunt mille quingenti passus; vii d pedes xc unciae. Quot
unciae, tot dies fuerunt, qui faciunt annos ccxlvi, et dies ccx.
Here follows the solution of the snail.
In one league, there are 1500 passus [3]. 7500 feet [equals] 90,000
inches. There are as many days as there are inches, that is, 246 years, 210
days.
II. propositio de viro ambulante in via. [4]
Quidam vir ambulans per viam vidit sibi alios homines obviantes, et dixit
eis: Volebam [5], ut fuissetis alii tantum, quanti estis; et medietas
medietatis; et hujus numeri medietas [et rursum de medietate medietas];
tunc una mecum c fuissetis. Dicat, qui velit, quanti fuerunt, qui in prima
ab illo visi sunt?
2. proposition of the man walking in the street.
A certain man walking in the street saw other men coming towards him, and
he said to them: "O that there were so many [more] of you as you are
[now]; and then half of half of this [were added]; and then half of this
number [were added], and again, a half of [this] half. Then, along with
me, you would number 100 [men]." Let him say, he who wishes, How many men
were first seen by the man?
Solutio de eadem propositione.
Qui imprimis ab illo visi sunt, fuerunt xxxvi. Alii tantum lxxii. Medietas
medietatis xviii. Et hujus numeri medietas sunt viiii. Dic ergo sic:
lxxii et xviii fiunt xc. Adde viiii, fiunt xcviiii. Adde loquentem, et
habebis c.[6]
Solution of the same proposition.
Those who were first seen by the man were 36 in number; double this would
be 72. A half of half of this is 18, and a half of this number makes 9.
Therefore, say this: 72 and 18 makes 90. Adding 9 to this makes 99.
Include the speaker and you shall have 100.
III. propositio de duobus proficiscentibus.[7]
Duo homines ambulantes per viam, videntesque ciconias, dixerunt inter se:
Quot sunt? Qui conferentes numerum dixerunt: Si essent aliae tantae; et
ter tantae, et medietas tertii, adjectis duobus, c essent. Dicat, qui
potest, quantae fuerunt, quae imprimis ab illis visae sunt?
3. proposition concerning the two travellers.
Two men were walking in the street when they noticed some storks. They
asked each other, "How many are there?" Discussing the matter, they said:
"If [the storks] were doubled, then taken three times, and then half of the
third [were taken] and with two more added, there would be 100." Let him
say, he who is able, How many [storks] were first seen by the men?
Solutio de ciconiis.
xxviii et xviii,[8] et tertio sic: fiunt lxxxiiii. Et medietas tertii
fiunt xiiii. Sunt in totum xcviii. Adjectis duobus, c apparent.
Solution concerning the storks.
28 taken three times makes 84. Half of a third makes 14. Thus, in total
there are 98. By adding two, there are 100.
IV. propositio de homine et equis.[9]
Quidam homo vidit equos pascentes in campo, optavit dicens: Utinam essetis
mei, et essetis alii tantum, et medietas medietatis; certe gloriarer super
equos c. Discernat, qui vult, quot equos imprimis vidit ille homo
pascentes?
4. proposition concerning the man and the horses.
A certain man saw some horses grazing in a field and said longingly: "O
that you were mine, and that you were double in number, and then a half of
half of this [were added]. Surely, I might boast about 100 horses." Let
him discern, he who wishes, How many horses did the man originally see
grazing?
Solutio de equis.
xl equi erant, qui pascebant. Alii tantum fiunt lxxx. Medietas medietatis
hujus, id est, xx, si addatur, fiunt c.
Solution concerning the horses.
There were 40 horses grazing; double this makes 80. A half of half of
this, i.e. 20, if added, makes 100.
V. propositio de emptore denariorum.[10]
Dixit quidam emptor:[11] Volo de centum denariis c porcos emere; sic
tamen, ut verres x denariis ematur; scrofa autem v denariis; duo vero
porcelli denario uno. Dicat, qui intelligit, quot verres, quot scrofae,
quotve porcelli esse debeant, ut in neutris numerus nec superabundet, nec
minuatur?
5. proposition concerning the buyer and his denarii.
A certain buyer said: "I want to buy 100 pigs with 100 denarii in such a
way that a mature boar is bought for 10 denarii; a sow for five denarii;
and two small female pigs for one denarius." Let him say, he who knows,
How many boars, sows, and small female pigs should there be so that there
are neither too many nor too few of either [pigs or denarii]?
Solutio de emptore.
Fac viiii scrofas et unum verrem in quinquaginta quinque denariis; et lxxx
porcellos in xl. Ecce porci xc. In residuis v denariis, fac porcellos x,
et habebis centenarium numerum in utrisque.
Solution concerning the buyer.
Buy nine sows and one boar with 55 denarii, and 80 small female pigs with
40; behold, 90 pigs. With the remaining five denarii, buy ten small female
pigs, and you shall have 100 pigs for 100 denarii.
VI. propositio de duobus negotiatoribus c solidos habentis.
Fuerunt duo negotiatores, habentes c solidos communes, quibus emerent
porcos. Emerunt autem in solidis duobus porcos v, volentes eos saginare,
atque iterum venundare, et in solidis lucrum facere. Cumque vidissent
tempus non esse ad saginandos porcos, et ipsi eos non valuissent tempore
hiemali pascere, tentavere venundando, si potuissent, lucrum facere, sed
non potuerunt; quia non valebant eos amplius venundare, nisi ut empti
fuerant, id est, ut de v porcis duos solidos acciperent. Cum hoc
conspexissent, dixerunt ad invicem: Dividamus eos. Dividentes autem et
vendentes, sicut emerant, fecerunt lucrum. Dicat, qui valet, imprimis quot
porci fuerunt; et dividat ac vendat et lucrum faciat, quod facere de simul
venditis non valuit.
6. proposition of the two businessmen who had 100 solidi.
There were two businessmen who had 100 solidi between them, with which they
bought some pigs. For two solidi, they bought five pigs, wishing to fatten
them and to sell them again at a profit. But when they saw that the time
was not right to fatten the pigs, and being unable to pasture them over the
winter, they tried to make a profit by selling them. However, they were
unsuccessful because they could only sell the pigs for what they had paid
(i.e., five pigs for two solidi). When they realized this, they said to
each other, "We shall divide the pigs." But by dividing and selling the
pigs for as much as they had paid, they made a profit. Let him say, he who
can, How many pigs were there at first, and how did the men divide and sell
for a profit that which they could not do together?
Solutio de porcis.
Imprimis ccl porci erant, qui c solidis sunt comparati, sicut supra dictum
est, in duobus solidis v porcos: quia sive quinquagies quinos, sive
quinquies l dixeris, ccl numerabis. Quibus divisis unus tulit cxxv, alter
similiter. Unus vendidit deteriores tres semper in solido; alter meliores
duos in solido. Sic evenit, ut is qui deteriores vendidit, de cxx porcis
xl solidos est consecutus.[12] Qui vero meliores, lx solidos est
consecutus; quia de inferioribus xxx semper in x solidis; de melioribus
viginti autem in x solidis sunt venundati: et remanserunt utrisque v
porci, ex quibus ad lucrum iiii solidos et duos denarios facere potuerunt.
Solution concerning the pigs.
There were 250 pigs to begin with. These were bought for 100 solidi, as
stated above, at the price of two solidi per five pigs. Because whether
you say "50 times five" or "five times 50," you arrive at 250. One man
sold three inferior pigs at a price of one solidi; the other, two better
pigs per solidi. Thus it happened that he who sold the inferior pigs
obtained 40 solidi for 120 pigs, whereas the better pigs brought in 60
solidi. This is because it was always 30 inferior pigs for ten solidi, and
20 better pigs for ten solidi. For each man, there remained five pigs,
from which they could make four solidi and two denarii in profit.
VII. propositio de disco pensante libras xxx.
Est discus qui pensat libras xxx sive solidos dc, habens in se aurum,
argentum, aurichalcum, et stannum. Quantum habet auri, ter tantum habet
argenti. Quantum argenti, ter tantum aurichalci. Quantum aurichalci, ter
tantum stanni. Dicat, qui potest, quantum in unaquaque specie pensat?
7. proposition concerning the plate weighing 30 pounds.
There is a plate weighing 30 pounds or 600 solidi. In it, there is gold,
silver, brass and tin. It has three times are much silver as gold, three
times as much brass as silver, and three times as much tin as brass. Let
him say, he who can, How much does each type of metal weigh?
Solutio.
Aurum pensat uncias novem: argentum ter incias viiii, id est, libras duas
et tres uncias. Aurichalcum pensat ter libras duas et [ter] iii uncias, id
est, libras vi et viiii uncias. Stannum pensat ter libras vi, et ter
uncias viiii, hoc est, libras xx, et iii uncias. viiii unciae, et ii
librae cum iii unciis: et vi librae cum viiii unciis: et xx librae cum
iii unciis adunatae, xxx libras efficiunt.
Solution.
The gold weighs nine ounces. The silver weighs three times this, i.e. two
pounds, three ounces. The brass weighs three times two pounds, three
ounces, i.e. six pounds, nine ounces. The tin weighs three times six
pounds, nine ounces, i.e. 20 pounds, three ounces. Nine ounces, and two
pounds, three ounces, and six pounds, nine ounces, and 20 pounds, three
ounces, taken together, make 30 pounds.
Item aliter ad solidum. Aurum pensat solidos argenteos xv. Argentum ter
xv, id est, xlv. Aurichalcum ter xlv, id est, cxxv. Stannum ter cxxxv,
hoc est, ccccv. Junge ccccv, et cxxxv: et xlv: et xv; et invenies dc,
qui sunt librae xxx.
Another method. The gold weighs 15 silver solidi. The silver is three
times the gold, i.e. 45. The brass is three times 45, i.e. 125 [sic]. The
tin is three times 135, i.e. 405. Add 405 and 135 and 45 and 15, and you
will get 600 [solidi], which equals 30 pounds.
VIII. propositio de cupa.
Est cupa una, quae c metretis impletur capientibus singulis modia tria;
habens fistulas iii. Ex numero modiorum tertia pars et vi per unam
fistulam currit: per alteram tertia pars sola: per tertiam sexta tantum.
Dicat nunc, qui vult, quot sextarii per unamquamque fistulam cucurrissent.
8. proposition concerning the cask.
There is a cask which has three cracks in it. It is filled with 100
metretae, each holding three modia. Of the modia, a third and sixth part
run out through one crack. Through another [crack], only a third part runs
out. Only a sixth part runs out of the third crack. Let him say now, he
who wishes, how many sextarii ran out through each crack.
Solutio.
Per primam fistulam iii dc sextarii cucurrerunt. Per secundum ii cccc.[13]
Per tertiam i cc.
Solution.
3600 sextarii run through the first crack; 2400 through the second; and
1200 through the third.
IX. propositio de sago.
Habeo sagum habentem in longitudine cubitos c, et in latitudine lxxx. Volo
exinde per portiones sagulos facere, ita ut unaquaeque portio habeat in
longitudine cubitos v, et in latitudine cubitos iiii. Dic, rogo, sapiens,
quot saguli exinde fieri possint?
9. proposition concerning the cloak material.
I have a material for cloaks which is 100 cubits long, 80 cubits wide.
From it, I wish to make smaller cloaks from portions in such a way that
each portion is five cubits in length and four cubits wide. I ask you to
tell me, wise one, How many smaller cloaks can be made from [the material]?
Solutio.
De quadrigentis octogesima pars v sunt; et centesima iiii. Sive ergo
octuagies v, sive centies iiii duxeris, semper cccc invenies. Tot sagi
erunt.[14]
Solution.
An eightieth part of 400 is five, and a hundredth part, four. Therefore,
whether you measure off 80 [lengths] of five [cubits], or 100 of four, you
shall always arrive at 400. There shall be this many cloaks.
X. propositio de linteo.[15]
Habeo linteamen unum longum cubitorum lx, latum cubitorum xl. Volo ex eo
portiones facere, ita ut unaquaeque portio habeat in longitudine cubitos
senos, et in latitudine quaternos, ut sufficiat ad tunicam consuendam.
Dicat, qui vult, quot tunicae exinde fieri possint?
10. proposition concerning the linen cloth.
I have a single linen cloth which is 60 cubits long, 40 cubits wide. I
wish to make it into smaller portions, each being six cubits in length,
four cubits in width, so that each piece is ample for making a tunic. Let
him say, he who wishes, How many tunics can be made [from the larger
piece]?
Solutio. [16]
Decima pars sexagenarii vi sunt. Decima vero quadragenarii iiii sunt. Sive
ergo decimam sexagenarii, sive decimam quadragenarii decies miseris, centum
portiones vi cubitorum longas; et iiii cubitorum latas invenies.
Solution.
One tenth of 60 is six, and a tenth of 40 is four. Therefore, whether you
shall have taken ten times a tenth of 60 [cubits] or ten times a tenth of
40, you will arrive at 100 portions of six cubits in length, and four
cubits wide.
XI. propositio de duobus hominibus sorores accipientibus.
Si duo homines ad invicem, alter alterius sororem in conjugium sumpserit;
dic, rogo, qua propinquitate filii eorum sibi pertineant?
11. proposition concerning the two men marrying [one another's] sister.
If two men should marry one another's sister, tell me, I ask, What will be
the sons' relations to each other?
Solutio ejusdem. [17]
Verbi gratia: si ego accipiam sororem socii mei, et ille meam, et ex nobis
procreentur filii; ego denique sum patruus filii sororis meae; et illa
amita filii mei. Et ea propinquitate sibi invicem pertinent.
Solution of the same [proposition].
As stated, if I should marry my friend's sister, and he should marry mine,
sons would be produced by us. Thus, I shall be the paternal uncle of my
sister's son, and she shall be my son's maternal aunt. The relation of the
two men [to the sons] shall be the same.
XII. propositio de quodam patrefamilias et tribus filiis ejus.
Quidam paterfamilias moriens dimisit [18] haereditatem tribus filiis suis,
xxx ampullas vitreas, quarum decem fuerunt plenae oleo. Aliae decem
dimidiae. Tertiae decem vacuae. Dividat, qui potest, oleum et ampullas,
ut unicuique eorum de tribus filiis aequaliter obveniat tam de vitro, quam
de oleo.
12. proposition concerning a certain father and his three sons.
A certain father died and left as an inheritance to his three sons 30 glass
flasks, of which 10 were full of oil; another 10 were half full, while
another 10 were empty. Let him divide, he who can, the oil and flasks so
that an equal share of the commodities should equally come down to the
three sons, both of oil and glass.
Solutio.
Tres igitur sunt filii, et xxx ampullae. Ampullarum autem quaedam x sunt
plenae, et x mediae, et x vacuae. Duc ter decies; fiunt xxx. Unicuique
filio veniunt x ampullae in portionem. Divide autem per tertiam partem,
hoc est, da primo filio x semis ampullas, ac deinde da secundo v plenas et
v vacuas. Similiter dabis tertio, et erit trium aequa germanorum divisio
tam in oleo, quam in vitro.
Solution.
There are three sons and 30 glass flasks. However, of the flasks, 10 are
full [of oil], 10 half full, and 10 empty. Take three times 10, which
makes 30, so each son shall receive 10 flasks as his portion. Divide up
the three portions, that is, give to the first son 10 half [filled] flasks,
to the second son five full and five empty [flasks]. Do the same for the
third son, and the brothers' portions of glass and oil shall be the same.
XIII. propositio de rege.
Quidam rex jussit famulo suo colligere de xxx villis exercitum, eo modo ut
ex unaquaque villa tot homines sumeret quotquot illuc adduxisset. Ipse
tamen ad villam primam solus venit; ad secundam cum altero; jam ad tertiam
tres venerunt. Dicat, qui potest, quot homines fuissent collecti de xxx
villis.
13. proposition concerning the king.
A certain king ordered his servant to gather an army from 30 villages as
follows: He should bring back as many men [from each successive village]
as he had taken there. Thus, [the servant] came to the first village
alone; he came with one other person to the next; three people came to the
third. Let him say, he who is able, how many men were collected from the
30 villages.
Solutio. [19]
In prima igitur mansione duo fuerunt; [20] in secunda iiii, in tertia viii,
in quarta xvi, in quinta xxxii, in sexta lxiiii, in septima cxxviii, in
octava cclvi, in nona dxii, in decima i xxiiii, in undecima ii xlviii, in
duodecima iiii xcvi, in quarta decima xvi ccclxxxiiii. In quinta decima
xxxii dcclxviii, etc.
Solution.
In the first village, there were two [people]; in the second, four; in the
third, eight; in the fourth, 16; in the fifth, 32; in the sixth, 64; in the
seventh, 128; in the eighth, 256; in the ninth, 512; in the 10th, 1024; in
the 11th, 2048; in the 12th, 4096; in the 14th, 16, 384; in the 15th, 32,
768; etc.
XIV. propositio de bove.
Bos qui tota die arat, quot vestigia faciat in ultima riga?
14. proposition concerning the ox.
How many footprints in the last furrow does an ox make which has been
plowing all day?
Solutio.
Nullum omnino vestigium facit bos in ultima riga, eo quod ipse praecedit
aratrum, et hunc aratrum sequitur. Quotquot enim hic praecedendo in
exculta terra vestigia figit,[21] tot ille subsequens excolendo resolvit.
Propterea illius nullum reperitur vestigium in ultima riga.
Solution.
An ox makes no footprints whatsoever in the last furrow. This is because
the ox goes in front of the plow, and the plow follows it. For however
many footprints the ox makes on the ploughed earth by going first, so many
the plough following behind destroys by ploughing. On account of this, no
footprints appear in the last furrow.
XV. propositio de homine.
Quaero a te ut dicas mihi quot rigas factas habeat homo in agro suo, quando
de utroque capite campi tres versuras factas habuerit?
15. proposition concerning the man.
I ask you in order that you might tell me, How many furrows might a man
have in his field if he shall have made three turns at each head of the
field?
Solutio.
Ex uno capite campi iii. Ex altero iii, quae faciunt rigas versuras vi.
Solution.
Three [furrows] from one head of the field, and three from the other,
making six plowed furrows.[22]
XVI. propositio de duobus hominibus boves ducentibus.
Duo homines ducebant boves per viam, e quibus unus alteri dixit: Da mihi
boves duos; et habeo tot boves quot et tu habes. At ille ait: Da mihi et
tu duos boves, et habeo duplum quam tu habes. Dicat, qui vult, quot boves
fuerunt, quot unusquisque habuit.
16. proposition concerning the two men leading oxen.
Two men were leading oxen along the road when one said to the other, "Give
me two oxen, and I shall have as many oxen as you." Then the other said,
"You give me two oxen, and I shall have twice as many as you." Let him
say, he who wishes, how many oxen there were, and how many each man had.
Solutio.
Prior, qui dari sibi duos rogavit, boves habebat iiii. At vero, qui
rogabatur, habebat viii. Dedit quippe rogatus postulanti duos, et
habuerunt uterque sex. Qui enim prius acceperat, reddidit duos danti
priori, qui habebat sex, et habuit viii, quod est duplum a quator, et illi
remanserunt iiii, quod est simplum ab viii.
Solution.
At first, the man who asked for two to be given to him had four oxen. But
indeed, the man who was asked had eight. Of course, having been asked, he
gave two to the one asking, and each of the two had six. For the man who
first asked returned two to the one first giving (who now had six), and he
had eight, which is double four, and four remained to that one, which is
half of eight.
XVII. propositio de tribus fratribus singulas habentibus sorores.
Tres fratres erant qui singulas sorores habebant, et fluvium transire
debebant (erat enim unicuique illorum concupiscentia in sorore proximi
sui), qui venientes ad fluvium non invenerunt nisi parvam naviculam, in qua
non potuerunt amplius nisi duo ex illis transire. Dicat, qui potest,
qualiter fluvium transierunt, ne una quidem earum ex ipsis maculata sit?
17. proposition concerning the men [23] who had unmarried sisters.
There were three men, each having an unmarried sister, who needed to cross
a river. Each man was desirous of his friend's sister. Coming to the
river, they found only a small boat in which only two persons could cross
at a time. Let him say, he who is able, How did they cross the river, so
that none of the sisters were defiled by the men?
Solutio.
Primo omnino ego et soror mea introissemus in navem et transfretassemus
ultra; transfretatoque fluvio dimisissem sororem meam de nave, et
reduxissem navem ad ripam. Tunc vero introissent sorores duorum virorum,
illorum videlicet, qui ad littus remanserant. Illis igitur feminis navi
egressis, soror mea [quae prima transierat], intraret, navemque reduceret
ad nos. Illa egrediente foras, duo in navem fratres intrassent, ultraque
venissent. Tunc unus ex illis una cum sorore sua navem ingressi ad nos
transfretassent. Ego autem et ille, qui navigaverat, sorore mea remanente
foras, ultra venissemus. Nosque ad littora vectos, una ex illis duabus
quaelibet mulieribus, ultra navem reduceret, sororeque mea secum recepta
pariter ad nos ultra venissent. Et ille, cujus soror ultra remanserat,
navem ingressus eam secum reduceret. Et fieret expleta transvectio nullo
maculante contagio. [24]
Solution.
First of all, my sister and I got into the boat and crossed. Having
crossed the river, I let my sister out and recrossed the river. Then the
sisters of the two men who remained on the bank got in. When these women
had gotten out of the boat, my sister, who had already gone across, got in
and brought the boat back to us. She then got out, and the two brothers
crossed in the boat. Then, one of the brothers and his sister crossed over
to us. However, I and the brother who piloted the boat went across while
my sister remained behind. When we had been taken to the [other] side, one
of the other women took the boat back across, and my sister came across to
us with her at the same time. Then the man whose sister had remained on
the other side got in the boat and and brought it back with her. Thus the
crossing was accomplished, with no one being defiled.
XVIII. propositio de homine et capra et lupo.
Homo quidam debebat ultra fluvium transferre [25] lupum, capram, et
fasciculum cauli. Et non potuit aliam navem invenire, nisi quae duos
tantum ex ipsis ferre valebat. Praeceptum itaque ei fuerat ut omnia haec
ultra illaesa transire potuit? [26]
18. proposition concerning the man, the she-goat, and the wolf.
A certain man needed to take a wolf, a she-goat and a load of cabbage
across a river. However, he could only find a boat which would carry two
of these [at a time]. Thus, what rule did he employ so as to get all of
them across unharmed?
Solutio.
Simili namque tenore ducerem prius capram et dimitterem foris lupum et
caulum. Tum deinde venirem, lupumque transferrem: [27] lupoque foris misso
capram navi receptam ultra reducerem; capramque foris missam caulum
transveherem ultra; atque iterum remigassem, capramque assumptam ultra
duxissem. Sicque faciendo facta erit remigatio salubris, absque voragine
lacerationis.
Solution.
In a similar manner, I would first take the she-goat and leave behind the
wolf and the cabbage. When I had returned, I would ferry over the wolf.
With the wolf unloaded, I would retrieve the she-goat and take it back
across. Then, I would unload the she-goat and take the cabbage to the
other side. I would next row back, and take the she-goat across. The
crossing should go well by doing thus, and absent from the threat of
slaughter.
XIX. propositio de viro et muliere ponderantibus [plaustri pondus onusti].
De viro et muliere, quorum uterque pondus habebat plaustri onusti, duos
habentes infantes inter utrosque plaustrali pondere pensantes fluvium
transire debuerunt. Navem invenerunt quae non poterat ferre plus nisi unum
pondus plaustri. Transfretari faciat, qui se putat posse, ne navis
mergatur.
19. proposition concerning the man and his wife, [each] weighing as much
as a loaded cart.
A man and his wife, each the weight of a loaded cart, who had two children
each the weight of a small cart, needed to cross a river. However, the
boat they came across could only carry the weight of one cart. Let him
devise [a way] of crossing in order that the boat should not sink.
Solutio.
Eodem quoque ordine, ut superius. Prius intrassent duo infantes et
transissent unusque ex illis reduceret navem. Tunc mater navem ingressa
transisset. Deinde filius ejus reduceret navem. Qua transvecta frater
illius navim ingressus ambo ultra transissent, rursusque unus ex illis ad
patrem reduceret navem. Qua reducta, filio foris stante, pater transiret:
rursusque filius, qui ante transierat, ingressus navim eamque ad fratrem
reduceret: jamque reductam ingrediantur ambo et transeant. Tali
subremigante ingenio erit expleta navigatio forsitan sine naufragio.
Solution.
Also in the same manner, first, the two children get in [the boat] and
cross; one of them then brings the boat back. Then the mother gets in the
boat and crosses; her son brings the boat back. With the boat back, the
brother of this one gets in the boat and both cross; one of them then
brings the boat back to the father. When the boat has returned and with
the son on the bank, the father may cross. Then the brother who had gone
across before get in the boat and brings it back to his brother. Now with
the boat returned, both brothers get in and cross. By such a clever plan
of crossing, the navigation can perhaps take place without the boat
sinking.
XX. propositio de hirtitiis.[28]
De hirtitiis masculo et femina habentibus duos natos libram ponderantibus,
flumen transire volentibus.
20. proposition concerning the hirtitii.
A masculine and feminine [....] who had two children weighing [29] a pound
wished to cross a river.
Solutio.
Similiter, ut superius, transissent prius duo infantes, et unus ex illis
navem reduceret; in quam pater ingressus ultra transisset; et ille infans,
qui prius cum fratre transierat, navim ad ripam reduceret, in quam frater
illius rursus ingressus ambo ultra venissent; unusque propterea ex illis
foras egressus; et alter ad matrem reduceret navim: in quam mater ingressa
ultra venisset: qua egrediente foras, filius ejus, qui ante cum patre
transierat, navim rursus ingressus eam ad fratrem ultra reduceret; in quam
ambo ingressi ultra venissent, et fieret expleta transvectio nullo
formidante naufragio.
Solution.
Again, as above, first the two children go across. One of them brings back
the boat, in which the father crosses. Then, the child who had first gone
across with his brother brings the boat back to the river, and he and his
brother both go across. One of them gets out on the [opposite] shore; the
other takes the boat back to the mother. The mother gets in and crosses.
When she has unloaded at the [opposite] shore, her son, who had previously
crossed with his father, gets in the boat again and takes it over to his
brother. Both brothers get in and cross. A crossing can be carried out
thusly, free from dread of accident.
XXI. propositio de campo et ovibus in eo locandis.
Est campus qui habet in longitudine pedes cc, et in latitudine pedes c.
Volo ibidem mittere oves; sic tamen ut unaquaeque ovis habeat in longo
pedes v, et in lato pedes iv. Dicat, rogo, qui valet, quot oves [30]
ibidem locari possint?
21. proposition concerning the field and the sheep to be placed in it.
There is a field which is 200 feet long, 100 feet wide. I want to put
sheep in it as follows: Each sheep should have [an area] five feet long
and four feet wide. Let him say, I ask he who is able, How many sheep can
be put in such a place?
Solutio.
Ipse campus habet in longitudine pedes cc. Et in latitudine pedes c. Duc
bis [31] quinquenos de cc, fiunt xl. At deinde c divide per iiii. Quarta
pars centenarii xxv. Sive ergo xl vicies quinquies; sive xxv quadragies
ducti, [32] millenarium implent numerum. Tot ergo ibidem oves colfocari
[33] possunt.
Solution.
The field is 200 feet long and 100 feet wide. Divide 200 by five, making
40. Then, divide 100 by four, a fourth part of which is 25. Hence,
whether 40 times 25, or 25 times 40, the number 1000 is obtained. This
many sheep can inhabit such a place.
XXII. propositio de campo fastigioso.
Est campus fastigiosus, qui habet in uno latere perticas c, et in altero
latere perticas c, et in fronte perticas l, et in medio perticas lx, et in
altera fronte perticas l. Dicat, qui potest, quot aripennas [34] claudere
debet?
22. proposition concerning the slanting field.
There is a slanting field which is 100 perticae on each side, 50 perticae
on one front, 60 perticae in the middle, and 50 perticae on the other
front. Let him say, he who is able, How many aripennae does [this field]
enclose?
Solutio.
Longitudo hujus campi c perticis, et utriusque frontis latitudo l, medietas
vero lx includitur. Junge utriusque frontis numerum cum medietate, et
fiunt clx. Ex ipsis assume tertiam partem, id est, liii, et multiplica
centies, fiunt v ccc. Divide [35] in xii aequas partes, et inveniuntur
ccccxli. [36] Item eosdem divide in xii partes, et reperiuntur xxxvii.
Tot sunt in hoc campo aripenni. [37]
Solution.
The field is 100 perticae in length, 50 perticae on each front, and 60
perticae in the middle. Add the length of each front with the middle,
making 160. Take one third of this, that is, 53, and multiply it by 100,
making 5300. Divide this into 12 equal parts, and you arrive at 441.
Likewise, divide this into 12 equal parts, and you get 37. There are this
many aripenni in the field.
XXIII. propositio de campo quadrangulo.
Est campus quadrangulus qui habet in uno latere perticas xxx, et in alio
perticas xxxii, et in fronte perticas xxxiiii, et in altera perticas xxxii.
Dicat, qui potest, quot aripenni in eo concludi debent?
23. proposition concerning the quadrangular field.
There is a field which is 30 perticae on one side, 32 perticae on another,
34 perticae in the front, and 32 perticae on the remaining side. Let him
say, he who can, How many aripenni are contained in such a field?
Solutio.
Duae ejusdem campi longitudines faciunt lxii. Duc dimidiam lxii, fiunt
xxxi. Ac duae ejusdem campi latitudines junctae fiunt lxvi. Duc vero
mediam de lxvi, fiunt xxxiii. Duc vero [38] terties semel, fiunt i xx.
Divide per duodecimam partem bis sicut superius, hoc est, de mille viginti,
duc per xii, fiunt lxxxv, rursusque lxxxv divide per xii, fiunt vii. Sunt
ergo in hoc aripenni numero septem.
Solution.
Two lengths of this field make 62 [perticae]. Half of 62 makes 31. But
[the other] two sides of the field added together make 66. Half of 66
makes 33. Take [33] 31 times, making 1020. Divide [1020] twice by 12 as
above, first getting 85, then 85 by 12, making 7. Thus there are seven
aripenni in this field.
XXIV. propositio de campo triangulo.
Est campus triangulus qui habet in uno latere perticas xxx, et in alio
perticas xxx, et in fronte perticas xviii. [39] Dicat, qui potest, quot
aripennos concludere debet?
24. proposition concerning the triangular field.
There is a field which is 30 perticae on one side, 30 perticae on another,
and 18 perticae in the front. Let him say, he who can, How many aripenni
must be contained [in such a field]?
Solutio.
Junge duas longitudines istius campi, et fiunt lx. Duc mediam de lx, fiunt
xxx, et quia in fronte perticas xviii habet, duc mediam de xviii, fiunt
viiii. Duc vero novies triginta, fiunt cclxx. Fac exinde bis xii, id est,
divide cclxx, per duodecimam, fiunt xxii et semis; atque iterum xxii et
semis per duodecimam divide partem....[40] fit aripennis unus et perticae
x, et dimidia.
Solution.
Adding two lengths of the field makes 60. Removing half of 60 makes 30.
Because there are 18 perticae in front, take half of this away, making
nine. Taking nine times 30 makes 270. Then, divide [270] by twelve,
making 22-and-a-half. Again, divide 22-and-a-half by twelve, [making two,
[41] with four left over, which is a third of 12. Thus there are two
aripenna in this amount and three parts of a third aripennum.] This makes
one aripennum, and 10-and-a-half perticae.
XXV. propositio de campo rotundo.
Est campus rotundus, qui habet in gyro perticas cccc. Dic quot aripennos
capere debet?
25. proposition concerning the round field.
There is a round field which contains 400 perticae in its circle. Tell me,
How many aripenni ought it to hold?
Solutio.
Quarta quidem pars hujus campi, qui cccc includitur perticis est c, hos si
per semetipsos [42] multiplicaveris, id est, si centies duxeris, x millia
fiunt, hos in xii partes dividere debes; etenim de x millibus duodecima est
dcccxxxiii, quam cum item in xii partitus fueris, invenies lxviiii. Tot
enim aripennis hujusmodi campus includitur. [43]
Solution.
A quarter of this field, which contains 400 perticae, is 100. If you
multiply [100] by 100, you get 10,000, which you must divide into 12 parts.
For indeed, a twelfth of 10,000 is 833, which when again partitioned into
twelfths gives 69. [44] This many aripenni are included in the field.
XXVI. propositio de cursu cbnks. bc. fvgb. lfp:rks. [45]
Est campus qui habet in longitudine pedes cl. In uno capite stabat canis,
et in alio stabat lepus. Promovit namque canis ille post illum, [46]
scilicet leporem currere. Ast ubi ille canis faciebat in uno saltu pedes
viiii, lepus transmittebat vii. Dicat, qui velit, quot pedes quotque
saltus canis persequendo, et lepus fugiendo, quoadusque comprehensus est,
fecerunt? [47]
26. proposition concerning the chase of the dog and the flight of the
hare.
There is a field which is 150 feet long. At one end stood a dog, at the
other, a hare. The dog advanced behind [the hare], namely, to chase the
hare. But whereas the dog went nine feet per stride, the hare went [only]
seven. Let him say, he who wishes, How many feet and how many leaps did
the dog take in pursuing the fleeing hare until it was caught?
Solutio.
Longitudo hujus videlicet campi habet pedes cl. Duc mediam de cl, fiunt
lxxv. Canis vero faciebat in uno saltu pedes viiii, quippe lxxv novies
ducti fiunt dclxxv, tot pedes leporem consequendo [48] canis cucurrit,
quoadusque eum comprehendit dente tenaci. At vero quia lepus faciebat
pedes vii, in uno saltu, duc ipsos lxxv septies. [49] Tot vero pedes lepus
fugiendo peregit, donec consecutus est.
Solution.
The length of this field was 150 feet. Taking half of 150 makes 75. The
dog was covering nine feet per stride, and nine times 75 makes 675. The
dog thus ran this many feet in chasing the rabbit until it caught the
rabbit with its tenacious teeth. And indeed, because the rabbit went seven
feet per stride, take 75 seven times. This is how many feet the fleeing
rabbit travelled before being caught.
XXVII. propositio de civitate quadrangula.
Est civitas quadrangula quae habet in uno latere pedes mille centum; et in
alio latere pedes mille; et in fronte pedes dc, et in altera pedes dc. Volo
ibidem tecta domorum ponere, sic, ut habeat unaquaeque casa in longitudine
pedes xl, et in latitudine pedes xxx. Dicat, qui velit, quot casas capere
debet?
27. proposition concerning the quadrangular city.
There is a quadrangular city which has one side of 1100 feet, another side
of 1000 feet, a front of 600 feet, and a final side of 600 feet. I want to
put some houses there so that each house is 40 feet long and 30 feet wide.
Let him say, he who wishes, How many houses ought the city to contain?
Solutio.
Si fuerunt duae hujus civitatis longitudines junctae, facient ii c.
Similiter duae, si fuerunt latitudines junctae, faciunt i cc. Ergo duc
mediam de i cc, faciunt [50] dc, rursusque duc mediam de ii c, fiunt i l.
Et quia unaquaeque domus habet in longitudine [51] pedes xl, et in lato
xxx: deduc [52] quadragesimam partem de mille l, fiunt xxvi. Atque iterum
assume tricesimam de dc, fiunt xx. Vicies ergo xxvi ducti, fiunt dxx. Tot
domus capiendae sunt.
Solution.
If the two lengths of this city were joined together, they would measure
2100 [feet]. Likewise, if the two sides were joined, they would measure
1200. Therefore, take half of 1200, i.e. 600, and half of 2100, i.e. 1050.
Because each house is 40 feet long and 30 feet wide, take a fourtieth part
of 1050, making 26. Then, take a thirtieth of 600, which is 20. 20 times
26 is 520, which is the number of houses to be contained in the city.
XXVIII. propositio de civitate triangula.
Est civitas triangula quae in uno habet latere pedes c, et in alio latere
pedes c, et in fronte pedes xc, volo enim ibidem aedificia domorum
construere, [53] sic tamen, ut unaquaeque domus habeat in longitudine pedes
xx, et in latitudine pedes x. Dicat, qui potest, quot domus capi debent?
28. proposition concerning the triangular city.
There is a triangular city which has one side of 100 feet, another side of
100 feet, and a third of 90 feet. Inside of this, I want to build a
structure of houses, however, in such a way that each house is 20 feet in
length, 10 feet in width. Let him say, he who can, How many houses should
be contained [within this structure]?
Solutio.
Duo igitur hujus civitatis latera juncta fiunt cc, atque duc mediam de cc,
fiunt c. Sed quia in fronte habet pedes xc, duc mediam de xc, fiunt xlv.
Et quia longitudo uniuscujusque domus habet pedes xx, et latitudo ipsarum
pedes x, duc xx partem in [54] c, fiunt v. Et pars decima quadragenarii iv
sunt. Duc itaque quinquies iiii, fiunt xx. Tot domos hujusmodi captura
[55] est civitas.
Solution.
Two sides of the city joined together make 200; taking half of 200 makes
100. But because the front is 90 feet, take half of 90, making 45. And
since the length of each house is 20 feet while the width is 10, take 20
into 100, making five. A tenth part of 40 is four; thus, take four five
times, making 20. The city is to contain this many houses in this way.
XXVIIII. propositio de civitate rotunda.
Est civitas rotunda quae habet in circuitu pedum viii millia. Dicat, qui
potest, quot domos capere debet, ita ut unaquaeque habeat in longitudine
pedes xxx, et in latitudine pedes xx?
29. proposition concerning the round city.
There is a city which is 8000 feet in circumference. Let him say, he who
is able, How many houses should the city contain, such that each [house] is
30 feet long, and 20 feet wide?
Solutio.
In hujus civitatis ambitu viii millia pedum numerantur, qui sesquialtera
proportione dividuntur in xxxx dccc, et in iii cc. In illis autem
longitudo domorum; in istis latitudo versatur. Subtrahe itaque de utraque
summa medietatem, et remanent de majori ii cccc: de minore vero i dc. Hos
igitur i dc divide in vicenos et invenies octoagies viginti, rursumque
major summa, id est ii cccc, in xxx partiti, octoagies triginta
dinumerantur. Duc octoagies lxxx, et fiunt vi millia cccc. Tot in
hujusmodi civitate domus, secundum propositionem supra scriptam, construi
[56] possunt.
Solution.
This city measures 8000 feet around, which is divided into proportions of
one-and-a-half to one, i.e. 4800 and 3200. The length and width of the
houses are to be of these [dimensions]. Thus, take half of each of the
above [measurements], and from the larger number there shall remain 2400,
while from the the smaller, 1600. Then, divide 1600 into twenty [parts]
and you will obtain 80 times 20. In a similar fashion, [divide] the larger
number, i.e. 2400, into 30 pieces, deriving 80 times 30. Take 80 times 80,
making 6400. This many houses can be built in the city, following the
above-written proposal.
XXX. propositio de basilica.
Est basilica quae habet in longitudine pedes ccxl, et in lato pedes cxx.
Laterculi vero stratae ejusdem unus laterculus habet in longitudine uncias
xxiii, hoc est, pedem unum et xi uncias. Et in latitudine uncias xii, hoc
est, pedem i. Dicat, qui velit, quot laterculi eamdem debent implere?
30. proposition concerning the basilica.
There is a basilica which is 240 feet long, 120 feet wide. One tile of the
tiled basilica is 23 inches long, that is, one foot, 11 inches, while being
12 inches wide, i.e. one foot. Let him say, he who wishes, How many tiles
are needed to cover the basilica?
Solutio.
cxl pedes longitudinis implent cxxvi laterculi; et cxx pedes latitudinis
cxx laterculi; quia unusquisque laterculus in latitudine pedis mensuram
habet. Multiplica itaque centum vicies cxxvi, in xv cxx [57] summa
concrescit. Tot igitur in hujusmodi basilica laterculi pavimentum
contegere possunt.
Solution.
126 tiles build 140 [sic] feet of length, [58] and 120 tiles, 120 feet of
width, because each brick measures one foot in length. Thus, multiply 120
by 126, obtaining 15,120. Therefore in this way so many tiles are able to
cover the ground of the basilica.
XXXI. propositio de canava. [59]
Est canava quae habet in longitudine pedes c, et latitudine pedes lxiiii.
Dicat, qui potest, quot cupas capere debet? ita tamen, ut unaquaeque cupa
habeat in longitudine pedes vii, et in lato, hoc est in medio pedes iiii,
et pervius unus habeat pedes iiii. [60]
31. proposition concerning the wine cellar.
There is a wine cellar which is 100 feet long and 64 feet wide. Let him
say, he who can, How many casks can it hold, given that each cask is seven
feet long and four feet wide, and given that there is an aisle four feet
wide in the middle [of the cellar]?
Solutio.
In centum autem quaterdecies vii numerantur, in lxiiii vero sedecies
quaterni continentur, ex quibus iiii ad pervium reputantur, [61] quod in
longitudinem ipsius canavae ducitur. [62] Quia ergo in lx quindecies
quaterni sunt; et in centum quaterdecies septeni; duc quindecies xiiii,
[63] fiunt ccx. Tot cupae juxta suprascriptam magnitudinem in hujusmodi
canava [64] contineri possunt.
Solution.
There are fourteen sevens in 100, and sixteen fours in 64, of which four
are needed for the aisle which runs the length of this cellar. And since
there are fifteen fours in 60, and since there are fourteen sevens in 100,
take 15 times 14, making 210. This many casks can be stored in the type of
wine cellar described above. [65]
XXXII. propositio de quodam patrefamilias.
Quidam paterfamilias habuit familias xx. Et jussit eis dare [66] de annona
modios xx. Sic jussit, ut viri acciperent [67] modios ternos, et mulieres
binos, et infantes singula semodia. Dicat, qui potest, quot viri, aut quot
mulieres, vel quot infantes esse debent? [68]
32. proposition concerning a certain head of household.
A certain head of household had 20 servants. He ordered them to be given 20
modia of corn as follows: The men should receive three modia; the women,
two; and the children, half a modium. Let him say, he who can, How many
men, women and children must there have been?
Solutio.
Duc semel ternos, fiunt iii, hoc est, unus vir ut modios accepit.
Similiter et quinquies bini, fiunt x, hoc est, quinque mulieres acceperunt
modia [69] x. Duc vero septies binos, fiunt xiiii, hoc est xiiii infantes
acceperunt modios vii. Junge ergo i et v et xiiii, fiunt xx. Hae sunt
familiae xx. Ac deinde junge iii et vii et x, fiunt xx, haec sunt modia
xx. Sunt ergo simul familiae xx, et modia [70] xx.
Solution.
Take one three times which makes three; that is, each man received this
many modia. Likewise, take five twice, making 10; in this way, five women
received 10 modia. Then, take two seven times, making 14; thus, 14
children received seven modia. Add one and five and 14, making 20; this is
the number of servants. Then, add three and seven and 10, this being the
number of modia. Thus there are 20 servants and 20 modia [of corn].
XXXIII. propositio de alio patrefamilias erogante suae familiae annonam.
Quidam paterfamilias habuit familias xxx, quibus jussit dari de annona
modios xxx. Sic vero jussit, ut viri acciperent modios ternos, et mulieres
binos, et infantes singula semodia. Sovat, qui potest, quot viri, aut quot
mulieres, quotve infantes fuerunt?
33. proposition concerning another head of household distributing corn to
his servants.
A certain head of household had 30 servants whom he ordered to be given 30
modia of corn as follows: The men should receive three modia; the women,
two; and the children, a half modium. Let him solve, he who can, How many
men, women and children were there?
Solutio.
Si duxeris ternos ter, fiunt viiii. Et si duxeris quinquies binos, fiunt
x, ac deinde duc vicies bis semis, fiunt xi, hoc est, viri iii acceperunt
modia viiii, et quinque mulieres acceperunt x, et xxii infantes acceperunt
xi modia. Simul juncti iii et v, et xxii faciunt familias xxx. Rursusque
viiii et xi, et x, simul juncti faciunt modia xxx. Quod sunt simul
familiae xxx, et modii xxx. [71]
Solution.
If you take thrice three, you get nine; if you take two five times, you get
10; and if you take half of 22, you get 11. Thus, three men received nine
modia; five women received 10; and 22 children received 11 modia. Adding
three and five and 22 makes 30 servants. Likewise, nine and 11 and 10
makes 30 modia. Hence there are 30 servants, and 30 modia [of corn].
XXXIV. propositio altera de patrefamilias partiente familiae suae annonam.
Quidam paterfamilias habuit familias c, quibus praecepit dare de annona
modios c, eo vero tenore, ut viri acciperent modios ternos, mulieres binos,
et infantes singula semodia. Dicat ergo, qui valet, quot viri, quot
mulieres, aut quot infantes fuerunt?
34. another proposition concerning a head of household distributing corn
to his servants.
A certain head of household had 100 servants. He ordered that they be
given 100 modia of corn as follows: The men should receive three modia;
the women, two; and the children, half a modium. Thus let him say, he who
can, How many men, women, and children were there?
Solutio.
Undecim terni fiunt xxxiii. Et xv bis ducti fiunt xxx, [72] id est, xi
viri acceperunt xxxiii modios; et xv mulieres acceperunt xxx et lxxiiii
infantes acceperunt xxxvii, qui simul juncti, id est, xi et xv, et lxxiiii
fiunt c, quae sunt familiae c. Similiter junge xxxiii, et xxx et xxxvii
faciunt [73] c, qui sunt modii c. His ergo simul junctis habes familias c
et modios c.
Solution.
11 times three makes 33, and twice 15 makes 30; that is, 11 men received 33
modia [of corn]. 15 women received 30 [modia], and 74 children received
37. Adding these together, that is, 11 and 15 and 74, makes 100, which is
the number of servants. Likewise, adding 33 and 30 and 37 makes 100, which
is the number of modia. Thus with these sums, you have 100 servants, and
100 modia [of corn].
XXXV. propositio de obitu cujusdam patrisfamilias.
Quidam paterfamilias moriens reliquit infantes, et in facultate sua,
solidorum dcccclx, [74] et uxorem praegnantem. Qui jussit ut si ei
masculus nasceretur, acciperet de omni massa dodrans, hoc est, uncias
viiii. Et mater ipsius acciperet quadrans, hoc est, uncias iii. Si autem
filia nata esset, [75] acciperet septunx, hoc est vii [76] uncias, et mater
ipsius acciperet quincunx, hoc est, v uncias. Contigit autem ut geminos
parturiret, id est, puerum et puellam. Solvat, qui potest, quantum accepit
mater, et quantum filius, quantumve filia?
35. proposition concerning the death of a certain father.
A certain father died and left behind children, a pregnant wife, and 960
solidi from his estate. [However, on his deathbed], he stipulated that if
a son should be born to her, then the son should receive three fourths of
the inheritance -- that is, nine twelfths. The mother should get a quarter
[of the estate], that is, three twelfths. However, if a daughter were
born, she should receive seven twelfths, and the mother, five twelfths. But
as it happened, she gave birth to twins -- both a boy and a girl. Let him
solve, he who can, How much did the mother, son and daughter each receive?
Solutio. [77]
Junge ergo viiii et iii, fiunt xii, xii namque unciae libram faciunt.
Rursusque junge similiter vii et v, fiunt iterum xii. Ideoque bis xii
faciunt xxiiii, xxiiii autem faciunt duas libras, id est, solidos xl.
Deinde ergo [duc] per vicesimam quartam partem dcccclx solidos, et vicesima
quarta pars eorum fiunt xl. Deinde duc, quia facit [78] dodrans sive
dodrans, xl in nonam partem, ideo novies xl accepit filius, hoc est, xviii
libras, quae faciunt solidos ccclx. Et quia mater tertiam partem contra
filium accepit, et quintam contra filiam, iii et v, fiunt viii. Itaque
duc, quia legitur, quod faciat bis seu bisse xl in parte octava; octies
ergo xl accepit mater, hoc est, libras xvi, quae faciunt solidos cccxx.
Deinde duc, quia legitur, quod faciat septunx, xl in vii partibus: postea
duc septies xl, fiunt xiiii librae, quae faciunt solidos cclxxx, hoc filia
accepit. Junge ergo ccclx et cccxx et cclxxx, fiunt dcccclx solidi et
xlviii librae.
Solution.
Add nine and three, making 12. 12 ounces make a pound. Then add seven and
five which make another 12. 12 taken twice makes 24 [ounces], equaling two
pounds, itself equal to 40 solidi. Then take a twenty-fourth part of the
960 solidi which is 40. Then, because the son received three fourths or
nine twelfths [of the inheritance], take a ninth of 40. The son received
nine times 40 [ounces], that is, 18 pounds, which equals 360 solidi. And
since the mother received a third as much as the son received and a fifth
as much as the daughter, [she got] three and five which makes eight.
Therefore, as prescribed, take twice 40 and divide it into eight parts.
Thus the mother received eight times 40 [ounces], that is, 16 pounds, which
is 320 solidi. Then, as stipulated, divide 40 into seven parts so as to
get seven twelfths. After this, take seven times 40, that is, 14 pounds,
which equals 280 solidi. This is what the daughter received. Add 360 and
320 and 280, making 960 solidi, 48 pounds.
XXXVI. propositio de salutatione cujusdam senis ad puerum.
Quidam senior salutavit puerum, cui et dixit: Vivas, filii, vivas, inquit,
quantum vixisti, et aliud tantum, et ter tantum. Addatque tibi Deus unum
de annis meis, et impleas annos centum. Solvat, qui potest, quot annorum
tunc tempore puer erat?
36. proposition concerning a certain old man's greeting to a boy.
A certain old man greeted a boy, saying to him: "May you live, boy, may
you live for as long as you have [already] lived, and then another equal
amount of time, and then three times as much. And may God grant you one of
my years, and you shall live to be 100." Let him solve, he who can, How
many years old was the boy at that time?
Solutio.
In eo vero, quod dixit, vivas, quantum vixisti, vixerat ante annos viii et
menses tres: et aliud tantum fiunt anni xvi et menses vi, et alterum
tantum fiunt anni xxxiii, qui ter multiplicati fiunt anni xcviiii, unum
ipsis additum fiunt c.
Solution.
When [the old man] said "may you live for as long as you have lived," [the
boy] had [already] lived eight years, three months. Another equal number
of years make 16 years, six months, while another equal span makes 33
years. Three times this makes 99 years, which with one more year added
makes 100.
XXXVII. propositio de quodam homine volente aedificare domum.
Homo quidam, volens aedificare domum, locavit artifices vi, ex quibus v
magistri et unus discipulus erat, et convenit inter eum, qui aedificare
volebat; et artificies, ut per singulos dies xxv denarii eis in mercede
darentur, sic tamen, ut discipulus medietatem de eo, quod unus ex magistris
accipiebat, acciperet. Dicat, qui potest, quantum unusquisque de illis per
unamquamque diem accepit?
37. proposition concerning a certain man wishing to build a house.
A certain man, wanting to build a house, found six workmen, of whom five
were masters and one an apprentice. It was agreed between the man who
wanted to build and the workmen that 25 denarii should be given to them per
day as pay, and that the apprentice should receive half what the masters
receive. Let him say, he who can, How much did each of them receive per
day?
Solutio.
Tolle primum xxii denarios et divide eos in vi partes. Sic unicuique de
magistris, qui quinque sunt, iiii denarios; nam quinquies quatuor xx sunt.
Duos, qui remanserunt, quae est medietas de uno, tolle et da discipulo; et
sunt adhuc iii denarii desidui; quos sic distribues. Fac de unoquoque
denario partes xi, ter undecim fiunt xxxiii, tolle illas triginta partes,
divide eas inter magistros v. Quinquies seni fiunt xxx. Accidunt ergo
unicuique magistro partes vi. Tolle tres partes, quae super xxx
remanserunt, quod est medietas senarii, et da discipulo.
Solution.
First, take 22 denarii and divide them into six parts. Give four denarii
to each of the five masters, since five times four is 20. Take the
remaining two denarii, which is half of [a share], and give them to the
apprentice. There are still three denarii remaining which you distribute
thusly: Divide each denarius into 11 parts, making 33. Take 30 of them
and divide them amongst the five masters, as five times six makes 30.
Hence, six parts go to each master. Take the remaing three parts, that is,
half of the six [which the masters received], and give them to the
apprentice.
XXXVIII. propositio de quodam emptore in animalibus centum. [79]
Voluit quidam homo emere animalia promiscua c de solidis c, ita ut equus
tribus solidis emeretur; bos vero in solido i, et xxiiii [80] oves in sol.
i. Dicat, qui valet, quot caballi, vel quot boves, quotve fuerunt oves?
38. proposition concerning a certain purchaser and [his] 100 animals.
A certain man wanted to buy 100 various animals for 100 solidi. He wished
to pay three solidi per horse, one solidus per cow, and one solidus per 24
sheep. Let him say, he who can, How many horses, cows and sheep were
there?
Solutio.
Duc ter vicies tria i, fiunt lxviiii. Et duc bis vicies quatuor, fiunt
xlviii. Sunt ergo caballi xxiii, et solidi lxviiii. Et oves xlviii, et
solidi ii. Et boves xxviiii, in solidis xxviiii. Junge ergo xxiii et
xlviii et xxviiii, fiunt animalia c. Ac deinde junge lxviiii et ii et
xxviiii, fiunt solidi c. Sunt ergo simul juncta animalia c, et solidi c.
Solution.
Take three times 23, making 69. Then, take two times 24, making 48. There
are thus 23 horses [which cost] 69 solidi, 48 sheep [costing] two solidi,
and 29 cows [which cost] 29 solidi. Therefore, add 23 and 48 and 29,
making 100 animals. Then, add 69 and two and 29, making 100 solidi. Thus
there are 100 animals and just as many solidi.
XXXVIIII. propositio de quodam emptore in oriente.
Quidam homo voluit de c solidis animalia promiscua emere c in oriente; qui
jussit famulo suo, ut camelum v solidis acciperet; asinum solido i. xx
oves in solido compararet. Dicat, qui vult, quot cameli, vel asini, sive
oves in negotio c solidorum fuerunt?
39. proposition concerning a certain purchaser in the east.
A certain man wished to buy 100 assorted animals for 100 solidi in the
East. He ordered his servant to pay five solidi per camel, one solidus per
ass, and one solidus per 20 sheep. Let him say, he who wishes, How many
camels, asses and sheep were obtained for 100 solidi?
Solutio.
Si duxeris x novies, [et] v fiunt xcv, hoc est, cameli xviiii sunt empti in
solidis xcv. Adde cum ipsis unum, hoc est, in solido i asinum i, fiunt
xcvi. Ac deinde duc vicies quater, fiunt lxxx, hoc est, in quatuor solidis
oves lxxx. Junge ergo xviiii et i et lxxx, fiunt c. Haec sunt animalia.
Ac deinde junge xcv, et i et iiii, fiunt solid. c. Simul ergo juncti
faciunt pecora c, et solidos c.
Solution.
If you take 10 nine times and add five, you get 95; that is, 19 camels are
bought for 95 solidi. Add to this one solidus for an ass, making 96. Then,
take 20 times four, making 80 -- that is, 20 sheep for four solidi. Add 19
and one and 80, making 100 -- this is the number of animals. Then add 95
and one and four, making 100 solidi. Hence there are 100 beasts and 100
solidi.
XL. propositio de homine et ovibus in monte pascentibus.
Quidam homo vidit de monte oves pascentes, et dixit, utinam haberem tantum,
et aliud tantum et medietatem de medietate, et de hac medietate aliam
medietatem, [81] atque ego centesimus una cum ipsis ingrederer meam domum.
Solvat, qui potest, quot oves vidit ibidem pascentes?
40. proposition concerning a man and [some] sheep grazing on a mountain.
A certain man saw from a mountain some sheep grazing and said, "O that I
could have so many, and then just as many more, and then half of half of
this [added], and then another half of this half. Then I, as the 100th
[member], might head back to my home together with them." Let him solve,
he who can, How many sheep did the man see grazing?
Solutio.
In hoc ergo, quod dixit; haberem tantum; xxxvi oves primum ab illo visae
sunt. Et aliud tantum fiunt lxxii, atque medietas de hac videlicet
medietate, hoc est, de xxxvi, fiunt x et viii. Rursusque de hac secunda
scilicet medietate assumpta medietas, id est, de xviii fiunt viiii. Junge
ergo xxxvi et xxxvi, fiunt lxxii. Adde cum ipsis xviii, fiunt xc. Adde
vero viiii cum xc, fiunt xcviiii. Ipse vero homo cum ipsis additus erit
centesimus.
Solution.
36 sheep were first seen by the man when he said, "O that I could have so
many." Adding an equal number makes 72, and a half of half of this, that
is, of 36, makes 18. And again, a half of this, that is, of 18, makes
nine. Therefore add 36 and 36, making 72. Add to this 18, which makes 90.
Then add nine to 90, making 99. The man himself added to these will be the
100th one.
XLI. propositio de sode et scrofa.
Quidam paterfamilias stabilivit curtem novam, [82] in qua posuit scrofam,
quae peperit porcellos vii in media sode, qui83 una cum matre, quae octava
est, pepererunt igitur unusquisque in omni angulo vii. Et ipsa iterum in
media sode cum omnibus generatis peperit vii. Dicat, qui vult, una cum
matribus quot porci fuerunt?
41. proposition concerning the pigsty and the sow.
A certain head of household set up a new [quadrangular] enclosure in which
he placed a sow. The sow gave birth to seven piglets in the middle of the
sty. The offspring, along with the mother, the eighth pig, each gave birth
to another seven piglets in each corner [of the sty]. Then, in the middle
of the sty, the mother and all her offspring [each] gave birth to seven
more. Let him say, he who wishes, How many pigs were there [in the end],
including the mother?
Solutio.
In prima igitur parturitione, quae fuit facta in media sode, fuerunt
porcelli vii, et mater eorum octava. Octies igitur octo ducti fiunt
lxiiii. Tot porcelli una cum matribus fuerunt in i angulo. Ac deinde
sexagies quater octo ducti fiunt dxii. Tot cum matribus suis porcelli in
angulo ii. Rursusque dxii octies ducti fiunt i.ii xcvi. Tot in tertio
angulo cum matribus suis fuerunt. Qui si octies multiplicentur, fiunt
xxxii dcclxxxviii, tot cum matribus in quarto fuerunt angulo. Multiplica
quoque octies xxxii dcclxxxviii, fiunt cc lxii et ccciiii. Tot enim
creverunt, cum in media sode novissime partum fecerunt.
Solution.
In the first birth, which took place in the middle of the sty, there were
seven piglets, with the mother being the eighth [member]. Eight taken
eight times is 64 -- this many piglets, along with the mother, were in the
first corner. Then, 64 taken eight times makes 512 -- this many piglets,
including their mothers, were in the second corner. 512 taken eight times
yields 4096 -- this many piglets, along with their mother, were in the
third corner. If [4096] is multiplied eight times, one gets 32,788 [sic]
[84] -- this many piglets, including the mother, were in the fourth corner.
Taking eight times 32,788 [sic] makes 262,304 [sic]. [85] There grew to be
this many [pigs] in the last stage in the middle of the sty.
XLII. propositio de scala habente gradus centum.
Est scala una habens gradus c. In primo gradu sedebat columba una; in
secundo duae; in tertio tres; in quarto iiii; in quinto v. Sic in omni
gradu usque ad centesimum. Dicat, qui potest, quot columbae in totum
fuerunt?
42. proposition concerning the ladder having 100 steps.
There is a ladder which has 100 steps. One dove sat on the first step, two
doves on the second, three on the third, four on the fourth, five on the
fifth, and so on up to the hundredth step. Let him say, he who can, How
many doves were there in all?
Solutio.
Numerabitur autem sic: a primo gradu in quo una sedet, tolle illam, et
junge ad illas xcviiii, quae nonagesimo [nono] gradu consistunt, et erunt
c. Sic secundum ad nonagesimum octavum et invenies similiter c. Sic per
singulos gradus, unum de superioribus gradibus, et alium de inferioribus,
hoc ordine conjunge, et reperies semper in binis gradibus c. Quinquagesimus
autem gradus solus et absolutus est, non habens parem; similiter et
centesimus solus remanebit. Junge ergo omnes et invenies columbas vl.
Solution.
There will be as many as follows: Take the dove sitting on the first step
and add to it the 99 doves sitting on the 99th step, thus getting 100. Do
the same with the second and 98th steps and you shall likewise get 100. By
combining all the steps in this order, that is, one of the higher steps
with one of the lower, you shall always get 100. The 50th step, however,
is alone and without a match; likewise, the 100th stair is alone. Add them
all and you will find 5050 doves.
XLIII. propositio de porcis.
Homo quidam habuit ccc porcos, et jussit, ut tot porci numero impari in iii
dies occidi deberent. [86] Similis est et de xxx sententia. Dicat, qui
potest, quot porci impares sive de ccc sive de xxx, inter tres dies
occidendi sunt? Haec ratio indissolubilis ad increpandum composita est.
43. proposition concerning the pigs.
A certain man had 300 pigs. He ordered all of them slaughtered in three
days, but with an uneven number being killed each day. He wished the same
thing to be done with 30 pigs. Let him say, he who can, What odd number of
pigs out of 300 or 30 were to be killed in three days? (This ratio is
indissoluble and was composed for rebuking.)
Solutio.
Ecce fabula! quae a nemine solvi potest, ut ccc porci, sive triginta in
tribus diebus impari numero occidantur. Haec fabula est tantum ad pueros
increpandos.
Solution.
Behold an impossibility which is able to be solved by nobody!, in such a
way that 30 [pigs] be killed in three days by an odd number. Such an
implausible story is only for teasing young boys.
XLIIII. propositio de salutatione pueri ad patrem.
Quidam puer salutavit patrem; Ave, inquit, pater! Cui pater: Valeas,
fili! vivas, quantum vixisti, quos annos geminatos triplicatos; [87] et
sume unum de annis meis; et habebis annos c. Dicat, qui potest, quot
annorum tunc tempore puer erat?
44. proposition concerning the boy's greeting to his father.
A certain boy addressed his father, saying, "Greetings, father!" The
father responded, "May you fare well, my son, and may you live three times
twice your years. Then, adding one of my own years, you will live to be
100." Let him say, he who can, How many years was the boy at the time?
Solutio.
Erat enim puer annorum xvi, et mensium vi, qui geminati cum mensibus fiunt
anni xxxiii, qui triplicati fiunt xcviiii. Addito uno patris anno c
apparent.
Solution.
They boy was 16 years, six months. Double this makes 33 years, which
tripled is 99. Having added one year of the father, there are 100.
XLV. propositio.
Columba sedens in arbore vidit alias volantes; dixit eis: Utinam fuissetis
aliae tantum et ternae tantum, [88] tunc una mecum fuissetis c. Dicat, qui
potest, quot columbae erant in primis volantes?
45. proposition.
A dove sitting in a tree saw some other doves flying and said to them, "O
that you were doubled, and then tripled. Then, along with me, you would
number 100." Let him say, he who can, How many doves were initially
flying?
Solutio.
Triginta iii erant columbae, quas prius conspexit volantes. Item aliae
tantae fiunt lxvi. Et tertiae tantum, fiunt xcviiii. Adde sedenteni, et
erunt c.
Solution.
There were 33 doves flying at first. Double this makes 66, while three
times [33] makes 99. Adding in the sitting dove makes 100.
XLVI. propositio de sacculo ab homine invento.
Quidam homo ambulans per viam invenit sacculum cum talentis duobus. Hoc
quoque alii videntes dixerunt ei: Frater, da nobis portionem inventionis
tantum. [89] Qui renuens noluit eis dare. Ipsi vero irruentes diripuerunt
sacculum, et tulit sibi quisque solidos quinquaginta. Et ipse postquam
vidit se resistere non posse, misit manum et rapuit solidos quinquaginta.
Dicat, qui vult, quot homines fuerunt?
46. proposition concerning the small bag found by the man.
A certain man walking in the street found a small bag containing two
talents. Some other people saw this and said to him: "Brother, give us a
portion of your discovery." But the man shook his head and did not want to
give them any. The others then rushed at him and tore apart the sack, each
obtaining for himself 50 solidi. And when the man saw that he could no
longer resist [their attack], he grabbed 50 solidi for himself. Let him
say, he who wishes, How many men were there?
Solutio.
Apud quosdam talentum lxxii vel pondo vel habet libras. Libra vero habet
solidos aureos lxxii. Sexagies quinquies lxxii ducti fiunt v cccc, qui
numerus duplicatus fiunt decies dccc. In x millibus et octingentis sunt
quinquagenarii ccxvi. Tot homines idcirco fuerunt.
Solution.
Each talent has 72 pounds in it by weight, and a pound equals 72 gold
solidi. 65 times 72 equals 5400 [sic], [90] twice which makes 10,800. 50
goes into 10,800 216 times, which is the number of men [in the problem].
[91]
XLVII. propositio de episcopo qui jussit xii panes dividi.
Quidam episcopus jussit xii panes dividi in clero. Praecepit enim sic ut
singuli presbyteri binos acciperent panes; diaconus dimidium, lector
quartam partem: ita tamen fiat, ut clericorum et panum unus sit numerus.
Dicat, qui vult, quot presbyteri, vel quot diacones, aut quot lectores esse
debent?
47. proposition concerning the bishop who ordered 12 loaves of bread to be
divided.
A certain bishop ordered 12 loaves of bread divided amongst the clergy. He
stipulated that each priest should receive two loaves; a deacon, half a
loaf; and a lector, a quarter part. Hence, it should turn out that the
number of clerics and loaves is the same. Let him say, he who can, How
many priests, deacons and lectors must there have been?
Solutio.
Quinquies bini fiunt x, id est, v presbyteri decem panes receperunt: et
diaconus unus dimidium panem: et inter lectores vi habuerunt panem et
dimidium. Junge v et i et vi in simul, et fiunt xii. Rursusque junge x et
semis et unum et semis, fiunt xii. Et illi sunt xii panes; qui simul
juncti faciunt homines xii et panes xii. Unus est ergo numerus clericorum
et panum.
Solution.
Twice five is 10; that is, five priests received 10 loaves. The deacon got
half a loaf, and there was a loaf and a half for the six lectors. Add five
and one and six, making 12. Then add 10-and-a-half and one-and-a-half,
making 12, this being the number of loaves. Hence, there are 12 men
altogether and 12 loaves. Therefore, the number of clerics and loaves is
the same.
XLVIII. propositio de homine qui obviavit scholaribus.
Quidam homo obviavit scholaribus, [92] et dixit eis: Quanti estis in
schola? Unus ex eis respondit dicens: Nolo hoc tibi dicere, tu numera nos
bis, multiplica ter; tunc divide in quatuor partes. Quarta pars numeri,
[93] si me addis cum ipsis, centenarium explet numerum. Dicat qui potest,
quanti fuerunt, qui pridem obviaverunt ambulanti per viam?
48. proposition concerning the man who met [some] students.
A certain man met some students and asked them, "How many of you are there
in school?" One of [the students] responded to him: "I do not want to
tell you [except as follows]: double the number of us, then triple that
number; then, divide that number into four parts. If you add me to one of
the fourths, there will be 100." Let him say, he who can, How many
[students] first met the man?
Solutio.
Terties ter bini [id est, bis xxxiii] fiunt lxvi: tanti erant, qui pridem
obviaverunt ambulanti; qui numerus bis ductus cxxxii reddit. Hos
multiplica ter, fiunt cccxcvi, horum quarta pars xcviiii sunt. Adde puerum
respondentem et reperies c.
Solution.
Twice 33 makes 66; this is the number [of students] who first met the man.
Twice this number yields 132, and three times this number gives 396, a
quarter part of which is 99. Add in the responding boy and you will get
100.
XLVIIII. propositio de carpentariis.
Septem carpentarii septenas rotas fecerunt. Dicat, qui potest, quot carrae
rexerunt? [94]
49. proposition concerning the carpenters.
Seven carpenters [each] made seven wheels. Let him say, he who can, How
many carts did they build?
Solutio.
Duc septies vii fiunt xlviiii, tot rotas fecerunt. xii vero quater ducti
xlviii reddunt. Super xl et viiii rotas xii carra sunt erecta, et una
superfuit rota.
Solution.
Take seven times seven, making 49, this being the number of wheels. 12
taken four times yields 48. 12 carts were assembled from the 49 wheels,
with one wheel left over.
L. propositio de vino in vasculis.
Centum metra vini, rogo, ut dicat, qui vult, quot sextarios capiunt? vel
ipsa etiam centum metra quot meros habent?
50. proposition concerning the wine in small vessels.
I ask so that one who wishes might respond: How many sextarii do 100 metra
of wine contain, and how many meri do 100 metra have?
Solutio.
Unum metrum capit sectarios xl et viii. Duc centies xlviii, fiunt quatuor
millia dccc. Tot sextarii sunt. Similiter et unum metrum habet meros
cclxxxviiii, duc centies cclxxxviiii fiunt xxviii dcccc. Tot sunt meri.
Solution.
One metrum containes 48 sextarii. Take 48 a hundred times, making 4800 --
this is the number of sextarii [in 100 metra]. Likewise, one metrum
contains 289 meri. 100 times 289 is 28,900 -- this is the number of meri
[in 100 metra].
LI. propositio de vini in vasculis a quodam patre divisione. [95]
Quidam paterfamilias moriens dimisit [96] iiii filiis, iiii vascula vini:
in primo vase erant modia xl, in secundo xxx, in tertio xx, et in quarto x;
qui vocans dispensatorem domus suae ait: Haec quatuor vascula cum vino
intrinsecus manente divide inter quatuor filios meos; sic tamen, ut
unicuique eorum una [97] sit portio tam in vino, quam in vasis. Dicat, qui
intelligit, quomodo dividendum est, ut omnes aequaliter ex hoc accipere
possint?
51. proposition concerning the wine in small vessels divided by a certain
father.
A certain dying father left four small vessels of wine to his four sons. In
the first vessel, there were 40 modia [of wine]; in the second, 30; in the
third, 20; and in the fourth, 10. Calling his house treasurer, he said:
"Divide these four vessels containing wine amongst my four sons in such a
way that each son receives an equal portion of wine and vessels." Let him
say, he who can, How must the vessels have been divided so that all [the
sons] received an equal amount from this?
Solutio.
In primo siquidem vasculo fuerunt modia xl, in secundo xxx, in tertio xx,
in quarto x. Junge igitur xl et xxx et xx et x, fiunt c. Tunc deinde
centenarium idcirco numerum per quartam divide partem. Quarta namque pars
centenarii xxv reperitur, qui numerus bis ductus | | |
