DOWNSIDE LEGACY AT TWO DEGREES OF PRESIDENT CLINTON
SECTION: REMEMBERING THE DEAD
SUBSECTION: HOMICIDES
Revised 7/14/00
DEATHS - HOMICIDES
Mary Mahoney (Former White House intern shot multiple times in a Starbucks,
pockets picked, no cash register money taken)
Luther "Jerry" Parks (Provided security for Clinton's campaign, multiple
gunshots)
Kevin Ives (Witness to Mena, skull crushed, left to be run over by train)
Don Henry (Witness to Mena, stabbed, left to be run over by train)
Eric Butera (Starbucks informant, beaten to death in sting)
Jeff Rhodes (Ives/Henry Witness, gunshot to head)
Ed Gould (Clinton's HIV/AIDS Advisory Council, Toxic)
Florence Martin (Accountant with info on Barry Seal, Gunshot to head)
Alder Berriman (Barry) Seal (Mena, Murdered)
Keith McKaskle (Ives/Henry Informant, Stabbed)
Gregory Collins (Ives/Henry Informant, Gunshot to Head)
James Milon (Ives/Henry Informant, Decapitated)
Richard Winters (Ives/Henry Suspect, Shotgunned)
Jordan Ketelson (Ives/Henry Informant, Shotgunned)
Larry Guerin (Inslaw Investigator, unknown)
Alan Standorf (NSA, Inslaw Investigator, unknown)
Dennis Eisman (Inslaw attorney, Shot)
Mitchell D. Abel, (Cocaine dealer and student re Tyson, Gunshot)
Mike Samples (Ives/Henry witness)
Eric L. Henderson (financial advisor to Ron Brown, shot while riding
bicycle)
Steve Leung (investor in China, beaten)
Mary Beth (Pixie) Grismore (politically connected, murdered)
Judy Danielak (journalist, sniper)
Cecil Boren (by escaped inmate, tainted blood whistleblower)
Lee Scott Hall (stabbed, Lawrence Livermore Lab employee)
John D Muskopf (CIA Analyst, killed in robbery attempt)
JohnD Muskopf
APBnews.com 6/19/00 James Gordon Meek "?..A CIA analyst's slaying over the
weekend was the result of a robbery attempt and not tied to his work at the
spy agency, authorities said today. Metropolitan Police said John D.
Muskopf, 28, was walking with a group of friends in Washington's Shaw
neighborhood at 2:30 a.m. Saturday when a mid-sized red or burgundy car
pulled up. Witnesses said a man jumped out of the car brandishing a handgun
and demanding money. "It appears Mr. Muskopf refused," according to a police
statement about the incident. ??"
APBnews.com 6/19/00 James Gordon Meek "?..Bryson said investigators do not
think Muskopf was targeted because he works at the CIA. ??.. Mansfield said
Muskopf was assigned to the Office of Transnational Issues, where he worked
as an analyst on nuclear proliferation and security matters. ??Muskopf, who
was single, was "very sharp as an analyst and very well liked by his
colleagues," Mansfield said. ??? In March 1996, former CIA Director William
E. Colby disappeared from his cottage on the Wicomico River in Maryland,
fueling speculation about possible foul play. Ten days later Colby's body
surfaced in the river, but his death was determined to be the result of a
boating accident. Still, conspiracy theorists suspected he might have been
murdered for his unpopular decisions as director in the mid-1970s, or over
undisclosed secrets. ?.."
Mary Mahoney and Eric Butera
Mary Caity Mahoney interned for Doris Matsui. Doris Matsui was the White
House official responsible for liaison with the Asian-American community,
headed the Asian Pacific American Working Group (APAWG), which coordinated
the activities of the White House, the Democratic National Committee and the
Clinton-Gore re- election campaign with regard to Asian-Americans. APAWG,
one of whose members was John Huang, came up with the plan to raise $7
million from Asian-Americans. Mary Mahoney was killed at a Starbucks. Eric
Butera who was an informant in the case was beaten to death in a sting
operation.
THE WASHINGTON TIMES 3/2/99 Leslie Koren and Jim Keary Freeper Plummz
"?Police were questioning a man last night they believe was one of the
shooters in the 1997 triple murder at the Georgetown Starbucks coffee shop,
sources close to the investigation said. D.C. police, Prince George's police
and the FBI arrested Carl Derrick Cooper, 29, as he returned to his home in
the 1200 block of Gallatin Street NE on a warrant related to the 1996
robbery and shooting of an off-duty Prince George's County police of ficer
in Avondale. Police were questioning Mr. Cooper last night at the FBI office
in the 600 block of Fourth Street NW, seeking any information he might have
regarding the Starbucks killings, the sources said. He had not been charged
in those slayings?."
UPI 3/4/99 Freeper chuck allen "?WTOP radio is reporting that 29-year-old
Carl Cooper has confessed (Thursday) to his role in the 1997 triple murder
of three Starbucks coffee shop employees. Cooper _ arrested earlier this
week for attempting to kill a police officer _ reportedly implicated two
others in the crime, and police have begun executing search warrants for the
suspects?."
AP 8/4/99 Derrill Holly "...A man accused of murdering three workers at a
Starbucks coffee shop in the trendy Georgetown section of the nation's
capital was charged Wednesday with a host of other crimes, including
racketeering. Although the District of Columbia has no death penalty,
prosecutors indicated they could seek it against Carl Derick Cooper under
the federal racketeering charges. A federal grand jury returned a 48-count
indictment against Cooper charging him with six armed robberies, the
attempted murder of an off-duty police officer in Maryland, a bank robbery
and a total of four murders. ``Today's indictment charges Mr. Cooper with
leading a small but violent racketeering enterprise,'' said U.S. Attorney
Wilma Lewis....."
The Washington Post 10/16/99 Cheryl Thompson "?.The 30-year-old mother was
lounging in her apartment with her boyfriend when a story flashed on the
television: three people found slain execution-style inside a Starbucks
coffee shop near Georgetown. ??.As the couple watched the story unfold that
July Fourth weekend in 1997, the woman's boyfriend had his own story to
tell. He knew who committed the grisly crime, he told her. And she knew the
killer, too, he said. A mutual friend. A year passed before she revealed the
details of the conversation to anyone. Now she wishes she had kept it to
herself. "I didn't believe him at first," the woman said in an interview
with The Washington Post. "I went a whole year without saying anything
because I didn't want to get caught up in it." ?..Now, the woman who became
a police informant said her life is in danger, and she blames D.C. police
and the FBI. Although the FBI has offered to relocate her if "things got
bad," she said, D.C. police have abandoned her. ?.. "I told them that an
acquaintance of ours went into the Starbucks and robbed it," she recalled.
"I told them that he demanded the white girl [Mahoney] open the safe. She
wouldn't or couldn't, and he shot her. "The black kid [Evans] tried to help
the white girl, and he was shot. The other kid [Goodrich] was killed last."
Law enforcement sources say Cooper acknowledged in written statements
allegedly given to detectives that Mahoney nearly escaped, making it to the
sidewalk before he caught her and wrestled her back inside. He said, though,
that the gun went off when Mahoney reached for it. The rest, he said, was
"like a dream." ?"
Washington Post 10/21/99 Bill Miller ".....The D.C. police department and
four of its officers were ordered yesterday to pay nearly $100 million in
damages to a woman whose son was slain while working as an informant on the
Starbucks triple slaying investigation, the largest jury verdict ever
returned against the D.C. government. Terry Butera cried as the jury
announced its decision, ending a two-week trial that exposed a host of
police lapses...."
Washington Times, Metropolitan Section, Page C3 1/20/2000 Jim Keary "?. A
lawyer for Carl D. Cooper, the accused killer of three Starbucks employees,
argued that his client's confessions should be suppressed because they were
coerced by police officers interrogating Mr. Cooper: ?.. Mr. Kirsch said Mr.
Cooper's statement to police should not be used as evidence in the trial
against his client. The admissibility of the statements, which is the main
evidence against Mr. Cooper, will be determined by U.S. District Court Judge
Joyce Hens Green, who is still hearing arguments on the admissibility of
other evidence prosecutors plan to use in the trial?.."
Newsmax.com 1/23/2000 "?. "I swear on my father's grave and my son's life
that I didn't do Starbucks," [Carl Derek] Cooper told the FBI shortly after
he admitted his guilt to local police, according to courtroom testimony
reported by the Washington Post last week. Now it emerges that Cooper told
police several different stories about the Starbucks murders; once blaming
an acquaintance for the killings, another time claiming he was merely a
lookout. But after 54 hours of questioning, Cooper's lawyer says he
buckled?.. "
Newsmax.com 1/23/2000 "?. The motive in the Starbuck's massacre was
supposedly robbery, though none of the $10,000 cash on hand was taken even
after Mahoney and her two co-workers were felled by a fusillade of bullets.
Casting further doubt on the robbery theory: five of the ten shots fired hit
the former Clinton intern, including an execution bullet fired into the back
of her head?.. "
Newsmax.com 1/23/2000 "?. Author David M. Hoffman, who spent a year
investigating Mahoney's murder, tells Globe Magazine's Tom Kuncl that the
Starbucks massacre came just three days after Monica told Clinton she was
going to tell her parents about their relationship. According to Monica
Clinton reacted angrily, telling her, "It's a crime to threaten the
President." Hoffman's claim is corroborated by the Starr Report?? Hoffman
claims to have uncovered new details about Mary Mahoney's time at the White
House, which, if true, suggest the White House alum could have played a key
role in the Clinton sex scandal despite her own homosexuality: "For many
months, Mary, an outspoken lesbian and good hearted den mother for other
young White House interns, had been listening to tearful stories from them
about alleged sexual passes made at them by Bill Clinton. She'd begun to
tell others she planned to do something to help them." Also, reports
Hoffman, "a blockbuster piece of gossip swirling through Washington (at the
time of Mahoney's death) was based on a columnist's blind item that a former
White House intern whose name began with the letter M was about to reveal
news of a sexual relationship with Bill Clinton." ?"
Washington Post 2/1/00 Bill Miller "?.A federal judge ruled yesterday that
prosecutors can use Carl Derek Cooper's many statements to police as
evidence in his trial on racketeering and murder charges, including one in
which he described killing three people at a Starbucks coffee shop in the
District. The ruling by Senior U.S. District Judge Joyce Hens Green was a
major victory for prosecutors, who have little physical evidence to link
Cooper to the July 1997 slayings in Northwest Washington. It came despite
vigorous protests from Cooper's attorneys, who contended that he was
pressured to talk last year in four days of interrogation. ???.."
Washington Post 2/4/00 Bill Miller "?.A former narcotics expert for the D.C.
police department, who testified as a government witness in thousands of
criminal cases, has been charged with perjury following the discovery that
he had misrepresented his credentials. Johnny St. Valentine Brown Jr. was a
fixture in the courts, helping prosecutors win convictions with his
easy-to-understand tutorials about the drug trade. But his police career
ended abruptly last summer when a lawyer on a civil case checked Brown's
background and questioned key claims made by the detective in court and on
his resume. Brown had told juries that he had a degree in pharmacology from
Howard University and that he was a board-certified pharmacist in the
District. Both claims suggested he had a special knowledge about the
chemical makeup and workings of drugs. As it turned out, he had no such
degree or certification from any institution, prosecutors said. .?.. Brown's
troubles began last summer when attorney Peter C. Grenier quizzed him at a
deposition and did some follow-up digging. Grenier represented Terry Butera,
the mother of Eric Butera, a D.C. police informant who was slain in December
1997 while trying to help homicide detectives solve a triple killing at a
Starbucks coffee shop. Brown was to be the District's expert witness, but
Grenier doubted his claims about a pharmacology degree and made calls to
Howard University. That led to Brown's removal from the case. ..."
Washington Times 2/9/00 "?.The death penalty was once declared
unconstitutional because it was held to be "cruel and unusual." That
description is certainly debatable - indeed, it was subsequently rejected by
the Supreme Court when capital punishment was reinstated more than 20 years
ago. But the decision by Attorney General Janet Reno to seek the death
penalty in the case of Carl Derek Cooper - the gunman charged with a triple
killing at a Georgetown Starbucks coffee shop on July 6, 1997 - could
certainly be described as "arbitrary and capricious." Though murders are
committed in the District almost every day, many of them equally brutal, the
last person executed for capital murder was Robert E. Carter - in 1957.
While the Starbucks murders certainly merit the ultimate sanction against
the perpetrator of those crimes, surely it's unequal justice that other
killers, guilty of similar or worse offenses, face at most life in prison -
often with the possibility of parole after 20 years. Those who believe in
the death penalty - and there are strong arguments in favor of it - ought to
be concerned about this uneven application of justice?? The disconnect
between sanctions for essentially the same crime, all dependent upon whether
one is charged under federal or state law, is dangerous because to any
fair-minded person it does indeed seem arbitrary, capricious - even cruel
and unusual, for that matter. Cold-blooded murder is cold-blooded murder -
no matter how the legal system might parse it?? If proved guilty, Carl Derek
Cooper deserves to die. But so do others who are found guilty of similar
crimes. That is the lesson - and the warning - to be gleaned from this
horrible episode?.."
Washington Post 2/10/00 Bill Miller "?Attorney General Janet Reno overruled
U.S. Attorney Wilma A. Lewis by deciding to seek the death penalty against
Carl Derek Cooper in the Starbucks slaying case, marking one of the
relatively few times she has opted to push for capital punishment against
the wishes of the local federal prosecutor's office. ??. Two law enforcement
sources, speaking on the condition of anonymity, said the consensus at the
U.S. attorney's office was that the Starbucks case did not have such a
compelling federal interest that it called for the ultimate sanction of
death. ??. " ?.. CORRECTIONS 2/9/00 A02 "?.An article yesterday about
Attorney General Janet Reno's authorization for prosecutors to seek the
death penalty in the Starbucks coffee shop murder case here incorrectly
reported how many times she has given that authorization. Reno has reviewed
498 capital cases over the past seven years and authorized prosecutors to
seek the death penalty in 141 cases, including the case of Carl Derek
Cooper, the suspect in the Starbucks slayings. ?."
Washington Post 2/10/00 Bill Miller "?..Attorney General Janet Reno
overruled U.S. Attorney Wilma A. Lewis by deciding to seek the death penalty
against Carl Derek Cooper in the Starbucks slaying case, marking one of the
relatively few times she has opted to push for capital punishment against
the wishes of the local federal prosecutor's office??. Phillips and eight
other senior attorneys joined Lewis on Jan. 20 for a formal review of the
Starbucks case with Cooper's attorneys, Steven R. Kiersh and Francis D.
Carter. Justice Department protocol called for Lewis then to make a
recommendation to Reno. Four days after their meeting at the U.S. attorney's
office, the defense lawyers met with a special Justice Department committee
that screens potential death penalty cases for Reno. That panel also
submitted a recommendation to Reno, which was not made public. She then
decided prosecutors should seek execution. It is unclear what role Deputy
Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. played in the deliberations. Holder,
Lewis's predecessor as U.S. attorney in the District, did not return a call
seeking comment. ?.."
http://www.arkansas-online.com/prev/Clinton/zamonica29.html "?.In addition,
the Baltimore Sun reported that Starr has opened a third front in his legal
battle with Clinton, with the grand jury sitting in Alexandria, Va., issuing
a subpoena for records of Washington lawyer Francis D. Carter, whom Jordan
recruited to represent Lewinsky. Carter filled that role only briefly, but
he was representing the former intern when she denied having had an affair
with Clinton?.."
Washington Post 2/11/00 Bill Miller "?..Deputy Attorney General Eric H.
Holder Jr. confirmed yesterday that his office was involved in the Justice
Department's decision to seek the death penalty against Carl Derek Cooper in
the Starbucks slaying case. But he would not disclose the reasons U.S.
Attorney Wilma A. Lewis's recommendation against seeking execution was
overruled. "I will say that the deputy attorney general's office was
involved, but I really wouldn't want to comment on what my role, if any, was
in that matter," Holder told reporters during a weekly news briefing at the
Justice Department yesterday. Sources familiar with the Cooper deliberations
said Holder was among those supporting Attorney General Janet Reno's
decision to seek the federal death penalty. Reno had the final say on the
issue and acted Monday after receiving recommendations from Lewis and a
Justice Department screening committee as well as input from Holder and
other officials. ??"
Washington Post 2/11/00 Bill Miller "?..In 1995, Reno persuaded Holder to
seek the federal death penalty against Donzell McCauley in the killing of a
D.C. police officer. Holder ultimately accepted a plea bargain with McCauley
that resulted in a life prison sentence with no chance of parole. At the
time of the plea, Holder explained that a death penalty trial could divide
the city and said that the District's long-standing opposition to the death
penalty gave prosecutors reason to worry that a jury might not go along with
a death sentence. ?."
Jerry Parks
Washington Weekly 11/17/97 "... All these illegitimate uses of campaign
money have one thing in common. The money need not be laundered. It need
only be brought in from the donor. And brought in it was. In planeloads of
cash, brought in through the remote Mena airport and transferred to the
trunk of the Cadillac of bag man Jerry Parks who, according to the London
Telegraph, together with Vince Foster transported the illegal cash to Little
Rock. Both Foster and Parks are now dead, and we have no idea how much cash
was brought in through this route, though we suspect it surpassed the amount
of money that was laundered into legitimate political spending. Of all the
bag men discovered so far, six are now dead, 36 have pleaded the Fifth
Amendment, eleven have fled the country, and eleven are living in foreign
countries and refuse to cooperate...."
Newsmax.com 11/23/98 Carl Limbacher ".Could the work of murdered Little Rock
security agent Jerry "Luther" Parks have played a role in Vince Foster's
death? Last week, Insight magazine recounted the claim of Parks' wife Jane,
who says that just days before the deputy White House counsel turned up dead
in Fort Marcy Park, he called her husband and told him that he was going to
turn a dossier prepared by Parks over to Hillary Clinton. Jane and her son
Gary have told reporters that Jerry Parks had been hired by Foster at the
direction of Mrs. Clinton to probe the extent of then-Gov. Clinton's
womanizing -- with an eye toward damage control when Clinton ran for
president. When Parks learned of Foster's death he exclaimed, "I'm a dead
man," according to Mrs. Parks. The same Insight report covered Linda Tripp's
recent testimony before Ken Starr's Monicagate grand jury, where she
compared the reactions of top White House aides when they first learned of
Foster's July '93 death and then of Parks' murder just two months later.."
7/20/98 Michael Reagan "...The night Foster died, a man named Jerry Luther
Parks was watching TV in his Little Rock home when a news bulletin announced
Foster's death. Parks turned pale. "I'm a dead man," he whispered. For weeks
after Foster's death, he lived in fear, constantly watching his back, and
even taking a gun with him when he went to the mailbox. On Sunday, September
25, 1993 -- two months after the Foster death -- Jerry Luther Parks was
returning home from a restaurant when a white Chevy Caprice with two men
pulled up alongside his car. The passenger sprayed Parks' car with
semiautomatic gunfire, then jumped out and finished Parks off with a 9 mm
handgun. The killers were never apprehended. Parks had been a player in Bill
Clinton's Arkansas political machine for years, and first became acquainted
with Foster by doing investigative work for the Rose Law Firm in the 1980s.
The London Telegraph's Ambrose Evans-Pritchard reports that in the late
'80s, Foster -- apparently on behalf of Hillary Clinton -- hired Parks to do
surveillance on Bill Clinton "to gauge exactly how vulnerable her husband
would be to charges of philandering" if he ran for president. Parks
accumulated thick files (with photographs) detailing the future president's
pattern of womanizing. According to Parks' widow, Foster called Parks from
Washington about a week before his death, saying Hillary was frantic about
those files and the potential damage they could cause both Bill and Hillary.
Just a day or two before his death, Foster called Parks again, heatedly
demanding the files. Parks refused. A week or so after Foster's death, the
Parks home was broken into -- a sophisticated burglary in which phone lines
and the alarm system were disabled. The files were stolen. Two months later,
Parks was murdered?."
The Secret Life of Bill Clinton 1997 Ambrose Evans-Pritchard "??..It was
another three months before news of the murder of Jerry Luther Parks reached
me in Washington. The U.S. national media were largely unaware of the story,
which surprised me because Parks had been in charge of security at the 1992
Clinton-Gore campaign headquarters in Little Rock. (4) ??.. On my next trip
to the state I decided to drop by at the archives of The Arkansas
Democrat-Gazette to see if they had covered the death. There were two
routine homicide stories by reporter Ward Pincus, mostly focusing on
disputes that Parks had had with a former partner. ??? I contacted the
writer..............son of Walter Pincus, the intelligence correspondent for
the Washington Post and a friend of Vincent Foster. ??.. What his son told
me was astounding. When he spoke to Jane Parks the day after the death, she
said that her husband had been involved with Vince Foster and she seemed to
think there was a political dimension to the murder. She was distraught,
almost hysterical. Ward Pincus did not know what to make of it, so he
consulted his editors at The Democrat-Gazette. Should he go out to visit the
widow and try to find out what on earth she was talking about? No, they
said, don't' bother. Soon afterward, Jane Parks withdrew into her shell and
refused to give any interviews to the press. ??."
The Secret Life of Bill Clinton 1997 Ambrose Evans-Pritchard "??..Contact
with Foster was rare after he moved to the White House. But he telephoned in
mid-July 1993, about a week before his death. He explained that Hillary had
worked herself into a state about "the files," worried that there might be
something in them that could cause real damage to Bill or herself. The
conversation was brief and inconclusive. Jerry told Vince Foster that there
was indeed "plenty to hurt both of them. But you can't give her those files,
that was the agreement." Jerry did not seem perturbed at the time. A few
days later Foster called again. Jane is sure that it was either Sunday, July
18, or Monday, July 19, the night before Foster's death. Jerry was in the
living room with his feet up, watching the History Channel on TV. Jane was
puttering in and out of the kitchen. It was around 8:30 PM central time.
"Vince was calling from a pay phone," said Jane, who overheard one side of
the conversation and then learned the rest from Jerry afterward. "He kept
feeding coins into the box, and then he told Jerry to hold on. He must have
been near a mini-mart or something because he said he had to get more coins.
(19) Then he called a second time, and they spoke for 30 minutes or more."
This time it was a heated exchange. Vince said that he had made up his mind.
He was going to hand over the files and wanted to be sure that he had the
complete set. "You're not going to use those files!" said Jerry, angrily.
Foster tried to soothe him. He said he was going to meet Hillary at "the
flat" and he was going to give her the files. You can't do that," said
Parks. "My name's all over this stuff. You can't give Hillary those files.
You can't! Remember what she did, what you told me she did. She's capable of
doing anything.!" "We can trust Hil. Don't worry," Said Foster. ??."
The Secret Life of Bill Clinton 1997 Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
"??.........Whatever Foster said to Jerry Parks, he cannot possibly have met
with Hillary Clinton at "the flat" or anywhere else. She was on the West
Coast during the days preceding his death. On the afternoon of July 20, she
was on an aircraft flying from Los Angeles to Little Rock. But that does not
preclude the grim possibility that Foster thought he was going to a
rendezvous with the First Lady on July 20, and met his death instead. The
rambler style home of the Parks family was swarming with federal agents on
the day after Jerry's assassination. Jane remembers men flashing credentials
from the FBI, The Secret Service, the IRS, and she thought, the CIA.
Although the CIA made no sense. Nothing made any sense. The federal
government had no jurisdiction over a homicide case, and t this day the FBI
denies that it ever set foot in her house. But the FBI was there, she
insisted, with portable x-ray machines and other fancy devices. An IRS
computer expert was flow in from Miami to go through Jerry's computers. Some
of them stayed until 2:00 or 3:00 in the morning..............The FBI agent
in charge was a tall man of about fifth, with blue eyes. tom somebody, she
thought. He never left a card. Jane was under the impression that he was
from the Hot Springs office, which didn't make any sense either. When she
told him that the murder might have a political dimension because of Jerry's
dealings with Vince Foster and Bill Clinton, the man cut her short. "He
threw up his hands and said, 'I don't want to hear anything about that.'" ??
With the help of the Little Rock Police Department the FBI ransacked the
place, confiscating files, records, and 130 tapes of telephone
conversations-- without giving a receipt. "I've asked them to give it all
back, but the police refuse to relinquish anything. They told me there's
nothing they can do about the case as long as Bill Clinton is in office."
??............I do not pretend to understand why Jerry Parks was murdered.
But the indictions that the Parks case is somehow intertwined with the death
of Vincent Foster is surely compelling enough to warrant a proper
investigation. Instead, nobody cares to learn what Mrs. Parks has to say.
??.."
Fahmy Malak - Henry and Ives
In 1987 Arkansas State Medical Examiner Fahmy Malak ruled the deaths of
teenagers Kevin Ives and Don Henry, found run over by a train, "accidental,"
saying the boys had smoked too much marijuana and fallen asleep on the
tracks. A second autopsy and grand jury probe, finding evidence of a knife
wound and beatings, declared it "definitely a homicide." Then in 1989 with
the controversy over the train deaths case growing, a commission headed by
then Arkansas Department of Health Director Joycelyn Elders cleared Dr.
Malak. Nine months later, Gov. Clinton proposed a $32,000 raise for the
medical examiner. A Malak ruling in a 1981 death case involving Clinton's
mother, nurse-anesthetist Virginia Kelley, had helped her avoid intense
legal scrutiny. In 1991, a month before Clinton announced his presidential
run, Dr. Malak was promoted to a new job as a Health Department consultant
to Dr. Elders."
J. Orlin Grabbe ".On Aug. 23, 1987, the bodies of two teenagers-- Don Henry,
16, and Kevin Ives, 17--were found close to Shobe Road near Alexander,
Arkansas. They had been run over by a Union Pacific train. The state medical
examiner, Fahmy Malak, ruled that the deaths were accidental--saying the two
boys had smoked too much marijuana, and then had fallen asleep on the
railroad tracks. But an Atlanta, Ga., forensic pathologist named Joe Burton
said that prior to being run over by the train, Don Henry had been stabbed
in the back, while Kevin Ives had been beaten in the face. A grand jury
ruled the deaths a double homicide. police chief of Alexander, John Brown,
acknowledges he obtained a taped confession from one of the murderers of the
two boys. The Benton Courier . "U.S. Attorney Paula Casey, contacted at her
Little Rock office today, was asked if she was aware of the confession to
which Brown refers. " 'I think that, under the circumstances, the best thing
for me to say for now is "no comment," ' Casey said. "Brown's response
continues: " 'Until now I have avoided talking about this confession at the
request of federal investigators. " ' Because of the magnitude and suspects
named in this confession, it was impossible to pursue this case at the state
level. ."
At the time of the Ives/Henry first autopsies, Arkansas State Medical
Examiner, Dr. Fahmy Malak boss was the head of the State Medical Commission,
Dr. Joycelyn Elders. Dr. Elders answered directly to then Arkansas Gov. Bill
Clinton.
CBN News 7/29/98 Gary Lane "? But what caused Dr. Malak to arrive at such an
outrageous determination of death? Then-Governor Bill Clinton said his state
medical examiner was overworked and "stressed out." Former Clinton employee
and well-known Clinton critic Larry Nichols says Mr. Clinton was an
accomplice in concealing the truth.But why would Mr. Clinton defend Malak,
although his rulings had been questioned in more than 20 cases? Dateline NBC
and The Los Angeles Times have suggested a motive. They've documented Fahmy
Malak's role in clearing Bill Clinton's mother, the late Virginia Kelly, of
wrongdoing in the negligent death of a teenage girl at Ouachita Memorial
Hospital in 1981. The Los Angeles Times reported that Dr. Malak's ruling
helped Clinton's mother avoid scrutiny in the death of patient Susie Deer.
The Times quoted the Polaski County coroner as saying there was a lot of
speculation that "Malak's ruling in favor of Clinton's mother was a factor"
in the governor's decision to retain him as state medical examiner.
Then-Governor Clinton said he resented any implications of a connection, and
the governor's office proceeded to shut down further investigation of the
train deaths. Dr. Malak was eventually removed as state medical examiner,
but was given a job as a $70,000 per year consultant to the Arkansas
Department of Health. Regardless, a grand jury determined that Kevin Ives
and Don Henry had been murdered. But why? Who would want to kill two teens
who were just out "deer spotting" on that fateful August night? . "
Email 6/1/99 Jean Duffy [Ives and Henry] "... Linda Ives did not know, at
the time, that my task force's investigation included the murders of Kevin
and Don, and I did not know that by the time I left the state, Linda knew
Harmon was part of the cover-up of the murders. It was not until 1994 that
we met, shared information, and realized that the corruption and cover-up
expanded beyond the county and state levels. We had each been contacted by
the FBI after an eye witness came forward and passed a polygraph test
placing Dan Harmon on the tracks(7) with Kevin and Don the night they were
murdered. Linda and I were more encouraged than ever before. We had complete
confidence in the FBI. By late 1994, we learned that Kevin and Don were
murdered by law enforcement officials because they stumbled upon a drug drop
from an airplane..... As soon as the Mena connection was made,(10) I knew
the FBI investigation would be shut down.(11) The agent argued; "Who has the
power to shut down the FBI." My response; "Who, indeed." (Bill Clinton was
president by this time.) Not only was the FBI case closed, Linda and Larry
Ives were told there was no evidence that a crime had even been
committed...... Aside from obtaining our primary goal of exposing the
murders and cover-ups, it is particularly satisfying that our non-partisan
plea for justice is opening the eyes of people who once had
blind-partisan-faith....* Jean Duffey: jean@idmedia.com
mailto:jean@idmedia.com* Linda Ives: linda@idmedia.com
mailto:linda@idmedia.com..."
ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT-GAZETTE 8/5/99 Linda Satter "...The mother of one of two
boys found dead on Saline County railroad tracks nearly 10 years ago, in a
case that spawned two grand jury investigations but no arrests, testified
Wednesday in defense of a filmmaker who made a widely distributed video
about the case.Linda Ives, whose son, Kevin Ives, 17, was killed along with
his friend Don Henry, 16, testified for three hours on behalf of Patrick
Matrisciana of Hemet, Calif., who produced the 60-minute program Obstruction
of Justice: the Mena Connection. It has sold about 300,000 copies. Two
Pulaski County sheriff's lieutenants, Jay Campbell and Kirk Lane, sued
Matrisciana in 1997. They contended that he defamed them by mentioning their
names at the end of the film, along with four other men, as "suspects
implicated in Ives/Henry murders and coverups." Campbell and Lane, who as
deputies in another jurisdiction didn't participate in the investigation of
the train deaths, blame former Saline County Prosecuting Attorney Dan Harmon
for drawing them into the case. Harmon, now in prison on drug and
racketeering convictions arising partly from corrupt acts he performed while
in his official capacity, was a private lawyer at the time of the boys'
deaths. But he took a special interest in the case and was appointed a
special prosecutor to present the case to a Saline County grand jury.
Testimony this week has revealed that, unknown to the public, Harmon was the
target at the time of at least one investigation into drug trafficking.
Campbell and Lane, then narcotics deputies who were looking into the
allegations about Harmon, contend that he heard about their investigation
and cast them as suspects in the train deaths solely to taint their
credibility and thwart their investigation...."
ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT-GAZETTE 8/5/99 Linda Satter "...Ives acknowledged
Wednesday that Harmon called her the day before Campbell and Lane were to
appear before a grand jury and told her that "the killers" would appear
before the grand jury the next day. Ives said she trusted Harmon at the
time, but she has since come to include him among the list of suspects in
the boys' deaths and ensuing coverup....The video was released in 1996
before Harmon's convictions. They [plaintiffs] say the allegations have
damaged their personal and professional reputations. But Matrisciana, using
the First Amendment as a defense, contends that the two sources he relied on
to make the film -- Linda Ives and a former Saline County deputy prosecutor,
Jean Duffey -- both believed the video was accurate when they made it. Thus,
Matrisciana contends, he cannot be found to have had a "reckless disregard
for the truth" and thus be guilty of libel. ....."
ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT-GAZETTE 8/5/99 Linda Satter "...Among the information that
has emerged is that John Brown, who reopened the investigation as an
investigator under a new Saline County sheriff, Judy Pridgen, took a
handwritten "confession" in May 1993 from Sharline Wilson, who once dated
Harmon. Though she would later recant her statement, Wilson named Harmon and
two other men, one of whom was later killed, as having had a role in beating
and stabbing the boys to death before laying their bodies across the tracks.
Brown testified Tuesday that he corroborated "85 percent" of what Wilson
told him....."
KARK-TV 8/9/99 Freeper HAL9000 reports "...The jury ruled in favor of
plantiff Pulaski deputies Campbell and Lane in the 'Mena Connection' libel
case. The jury continues to deliberate on penalties to be assessed against
Matrisciana. ..."
www.kark.com 8/12/99 Kim Miller "...During the last week, Sharline Wilson
was referred to by investigators as an eyewitness to a 1987 Saline County
murder that remains unsolved. Now, Sharline Wilson has told News4 what she
knows about the mysterious deaths of Kevin Ives and Don Henry. Wilson says
she cannot directly connect anyone with the murders of the boys--whose
bodies were found on railroad tracks. But she says she dropped
then-prosecutor Dan Harmon off near the tracks that night, and waited while
he went to pick up a drug drop. She says that when Harmon returned, he had
blood on his pants--as if he had wiped his hands on them. Wilson says that
her later testimony about Harmon's involvement with drugs got her into
trouble. "In 1992, I was arrested by Dan Harmon and the 7th Judicial
District Drug Task Force on some little old drug charges that should have
never ever brought me 32 years in prison," she said. Wilson claims no one
believes her because she was high at the time of the incident and because
she has a history of drug use. Wilson says anything else she knows about the
case is hearsay. As for Dan Harmon, he chose not to comment on the murders.
He is serving time in an Illinois prison on drug charges...."
The Arkansas Times 8/27/99 Mara Leveritt "?.Bt on the specific question
before it -- whether the video had libeled Lane and Campbell -- the jury was
not convinced. It found that the evidence presented at trial did not support
the video's damning allegation and it ruled that Matrisciana owed the men a
retraction plus sizable damages. I was called as a witness because, in
writing a book about the deaths, I had worked closely with Ives and Duffey
and had dealt with much of the same information that Matrisciana had had to
handle. I testified that, although I knew that Ives and Duffey believed the
deputies were suspects, I did not repeat that allegation in my book. What I
did report was that, at a time when Dan Harmon, the district's once popular
former prosecutor, was conducting a grand jury into the deaths, he had made
a show of calling Lane and Campbell to testify. Few who followed the
proceeding could fathom why. Privately, Harmon told Ives that a witness had
identified Lane and Campbell as suspects in the murders. When I interviewed
Campbell about the episode, he told me that he and Lane believed that
Harmon's decision to subpoena them was nothing more than self-serving
courtroom theater?..Whatever was going on back in the late 1980s, the
multi-agency investigation into Harmon's drug activity -- just like Harmon's
investigation into the murders -- quietly and utterly fizzled. Several years
would pass before Harmon's involvement with the local drug underworld would
finally be exposed?? If, a dozen years ago, county officials had conducted a
decent investigation into the two boys' deaths, if state officials had not
botched their every contact with the case, or if the FBI had given a single
straight answer once it became involved, the circle of grief that surrounds
these killings never would have widened so. Everyone would have been spared,
not only the endless conspiracy theories, but the trauma of speculation. ?."
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette - Page 5B (PDF format only) 1/5/00 Linda Satter
"?..A jury's verdict in August that a California filmmaker defamed two
Pulaski County sheriff's lieutenants and must pay them nearly $600,000 won't
be thrown out, a federal judge said in an order released Tuesday. U.S.
District Judge Warren K. Urbom of Lincoln, Neb., who presided at the trial
this summer in Little Rock, said evidence showed that in making the 1996
documentary, Obstruction of Justice: the Mena Connection, filmmaker Patrick
Matrisciana acted with reckless disregard for the truth. Urbom said that
demonstrated 'actual malice' and thus was reason to uphold the verdict??. "
Alder Berriman (Barry) Seal (Mena, Murdered)
Mara Leveritt WebSite 5/19/00 "??.?.I amended my request, specifying that I
wanted files on Rich Mountain Aviation and Adler Berriman Seal. In 1997, I
received approximately 34 pages of files pertaining to Rich Mountain
Aviation. Those pages were interesting on several counts. First, chunks of
them were blacked out. Second, they revealed that RMA, in rural Arkansas,
was the subject of a fraud investigation by the Department of Defense
relating to aircraft maintenance contracts on islands in the South Pacific.
Third, the records revealed that Seal's activities at Mena were the subject
of "extensive Bureau investigation," beginning in October, 1983. In one
memo, the immunity he received for his narcotics trafficking after his
appearance before a Senate House Subcommittee was referred to as "Seal's
'judicial blessing.'"......,,
??.By now three years had passed since my Mena request was filed. As I
approached my publisher's deadline for completing THE BOYS ON THE TRACKS,
Snyder's office and I continued to press the FBI to release its files on
Seal. Just as the book was going into publication, I received a box
containing 488 pages of what the FBI said was a 721-page file on Seal. Over
the next several weeks, other pages trickled in. In all of them, most names
were blacked out, making the related information worthless. The explanation
given was that the deletions were to protect the privacy of those involved.
Of greater concern to me were deletions--sometimes of several pages--for
reasons attributed to the needs of national security or of the CIA. As I
mentioned, I am appealing for release of all information withheld for these
two reasons??
??.My rationale is simple. It is summed up most succinctly in a memo sent
from the FBI's New Orleans office in August 1983, on the eve of his move to
Arkansas. The special agent in charge wrote: "Seal controls an international
smuggling organization which is extremely well organized and extensive." A
memo dated the following October described Seal as "a documented major
narcotics trafficker...." In light of the remarkable "judicial blessing"
this international narcotics trafficker received, it is not unreasonable for
the American public to seek the release of all records relating to him. What
is unreasonable is for the Department of Justice to try to withhold those
records, based on claims that such information might be harmful to national
security or to the CIA??"
Arkansas Writers' Project, Inc. 9/3/99 Mara Leveritt "...The FBI stalled,
but Snyder's staff persisted. Finally, their efforts paid off -- at least
partly. Two weeks ago, I received 488 pages of FBI records pertaining to
Barry Seal, the cocaine smuggler who, as you know, moved his billion-dollar
drug business from Baton Rouge, Louisiana to the airport at Mena, Arkansas
in 1982. .....But, though he was constantly watched, Seal was never stopped.
He operated from Mena, apparently unimpeded, until 1986, when he was
murdered by Colombian operatives.... according to one document, the Justice
Department kept tight control of the investigation into Seal's murder,
"since," as an assistant attorney general explained, "this is a case with
apparent national and organized crime dimensions..." But many of the pages
sent were heavily blacked out. And almost 300 were missing entirely. A cover
letter explained that some of these deletions had been made to protect
privacy or confidentiality, or for law enforcement reasons. But this is what
I found most interesting. Notes explaining several of the deletions said
that they had been made under provisions of the National Security Act of
1947 and the CIA Act of 1949. So it's quite a mess, you see, these jumbled
references to organized crime and national security, to Colombian drug
cartels and the CIA -- all within the heavily censored file of a smuggler
who found safe haven in Arkansas during the last four years of his life..."
Washington Weekly 2/28/00 Chapter Seven from L.D. Brown's Tell-all on
Hillary and Bill "?..The Central Intelligence Agency is a different sort of
people to deal with. My initial contact with them involved receiving volumes
of paperwork to complete concerning everything about me and my family. When
I showed Bill [Clinton] the first stack that had arrived, he seemed not at
all surprised. He encouraged me to complete it as fast as I could so he
could "start making some calls for me." ???. Magruder answered my house
phone call and told me to come up to the room. Dan Magruder was an
Ivy-league looking guy, buttoned-down, polite and articulate. He displayed
his C. I. A. credentials, which I examined carefully with a sense of
admiration. He already knew everything about me and said he liked my essay
on 'Marxism in Central America.' We talked almost as much about him as we
did about me. Magruder told me he was an 'Asia expert' and had last returned
from Korea. He made sure that I knew that this job would not be a law
enforcement position as I was used to. He knew Bill and referred to him
casually as 'the Guv.' Magruder was most interested in my Drug Enforcement
Administration schooling and law enforcement experience in the narcotics
field. ??The last words Magruder would ever say to me were that I would be
called by someone later on what to do and when to do it. Magruder paid me in
cash and as I left he assured me, "I think you'll do fine." ?..
Washington Weekly 2/28/00 Chapter Seven from L.D. Brown's Tell-all on
Hillary and Bill "?..Barry Seal was crazy man. He was also everything that
Dan Magruder was not. Happy-go-lucky, irreverent and loud, Seal telephoned
me and told me that he was the man I was told would call me. It was time to
meet and he chose a hangout that I was readily familiar with. It was the
mid-1980s and with the decadence of that time and the free-flowing cocaine,
Cajun's Wharf was a hangout for the bond daddies such as Lasater and
company?."
Washington Weekly 2/28/00 Chapter Seven from L.D. Brown's Tell-all on
Hillary and Bill "?..The first words out of Seal's mouth, "How's the Guv?"
reminded me of Magruder's apparent familiarity with Bill. An overweight,
jovial, almost slap-happy man as my next contact with C. I. A. was not
exactly what I expected. Seal, too, knew everything about me. He focused on
my D. E. A. training as Magruder had done in Dallas. He knew of my meeting
with Magruder and declared, "I'm the man they told you would call."?...
Mena, Arkansas is a tiny town near the Oklahoma border in far western
Arkansas. I didn't know why Seal wanted to meet me in such a far away place
for an out-of-the-country trip. I had expected to leave from Little Rock as
Seal had led me to believe that he had flown an airplane into the Little
Rock airport for our meeting. He told me to be at Mena before dawn which
meant I had to leave my house in Little Rock around three-o'clock in the
morning. I had told Bill only that I was being tried out on an assignment.
"Don't worry about it," was his advice that I will never forget. "You can
handle it," were his parting words??"
Washington Weekly 2/28/00 Chapter Seven from L.D. Brown's Tell-all on
Hillary and Bill "?..Seal kept his word and telephoned me for a meeting. We
actually had at least two more. One occurred at the Cajun's Wharf bar with
another curiously at Charlie Trie's restaurant near the state capitol. On
one of the occasions the Secretary of State in Arkansas at the time, Bill
McCuen, remembered that I had introduced Seal to him at Cajun's Wharf. Seal
was more forthcoming with information now and for whatever reason, increased
trust or confidence in me, proceeded to share with me why we had made the
flight, and that we would make another. Guns, more specifically U. S. made
M-16s were in the crate covered by the pallet, according to Seal. He even
asked me if I wanted one, which at the time I thought was crazy. They were
going to the Contras, the rebels fighting the Sandinista government in
Nicaragua (1). All of a sudden the essay on 'Marxism in Central America'
Bill had suggested for my C. I. A. application made sense. ??"
Steve Leung
FS Communications, Inc. 1/29/2000 Vince Ferrer "?.Dr. Steve Leung, a
successful and well-respected entrepreneur and founder of several Silicon
Valley companies, lies near death in a Hong Kong hospital, where he was
transferred after suffering a severe beating in Beijing, China. Dr. Leung,
who was in Beijing at the invitation of the Chinese government to attend the
opening of the ChinaEcom.com conference on January 18, left the conference
at 5:30 p.m. to go shopping. When he did not appear at a meeting later in
the evening, his colleagues searched for him and found him at the Peking
Union Medical College (PUMC) hospital, in a coma and on a life support
system. According to the doctors, he had been badly beaten on the head and
body, resulting in major brain swelling and extensive brain stem damage.
None of Dr. Leung's possessions were missing, including a significant amount
of money, his watch and his passport....``We're very concerned that nothing
seems to be getting done to solve this, and are suspicious of the
circumstances surrounding it, particularly the fact that it was obviously
not a robbery attempt,'' said a family spokesperson. ``Allegedly, Steve was
originally found at a karaoke bar near a tourist shopping area. But Steve
doesn't drink, and doesn't frequent bars, especially karaoke bars. We'd like
to know what really happened and who is responsible, and have those people
brought to justice. So far, though, we haven't had any satisfactory
exchanges with local Chinese authorities, and don't know what, if anything,
is being done. The police will not give us a copy of their report, and the
PUMC refused to release Steve's medical records so we could give them to the
doctors in Hong Kong, even after we had the U.S. Consulate in Beijing ask
for them. ..."
Mary Beth (Pixie) Grismore
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/bluesky_exnews/19981105_xex_grizly_saga_.shtml
WorldNetDaily.com 11/5/98 H J Halterman ".....Mary Beth Grismore was
strangled and found in a car trunk in Ohio, May 3, 1978. Most of the people
who knew Mary Beth while she was still alive called her Pixie. ........ On
Feb. 21, 1978, she drove her new husband's Ford Thunderbird from her home
near Marshall, Indiana, to the nearby city of Terre Haute for a going-away
party with two of her friends -- nothing fancy, just a meal at the local
lobster joint, a movie and a few hours dancing at some of Terre Haute's
nightspots. The trio returned to Marshall just a little before 1:30 a.m.,
and that was the last time that anyone will admit that Pixie Grismore was
ever seen alive. ...... It ended in Whitehall, Ohio -- near the Columbus,
Ohio, airport -- on May 3, 1978, when the Whitehall police opened the trunk
of a Ford Thunderbird with no license plates that had been left in the
parking lot of a local Holiday Inn near the airport that serves Columbus.
For almost two months the car sat there until finally, suspicious police
opened the trunk. They found a murdered body with a rope around its neck,
but 10 weeks of decay and decomposition had so ruined the remains of the
former beauty pageant contestant that investigators could not initially even
determine if the remains were male or female. Dental records were consulted,
and they proved that the body in the car was that of Pixie Grismore. She was
26 years old. ....."
WorldNetDaily.com 11/5/98 H J Halterman ".....Patrick Ralston admitted that
he began a romantic affair with the pretty lifeguard in July of 1977......
On Feb. 16, Ralston telephoned Pixie and suggested they get together one
more time for old times' sake. She agreed and they met at the bar of the
Cloverdale, Indiana, Holiday Inn. Pixie rented room 215 on the hotel's south
side, and while there she called her new husband in Iowa from the hotel room
phone. ...... Up to that point nothing that Pat Ralston had told the FBI
particularly removed him from consideration as a suspect, but then he played
his ace: While he and Pixie were in the bar, Ralston told the FBI, she told
him that she had done something the day before -- Feb. 15 -- that she had
always wanted to do. Pixie told Ralston that P.A. Mack, Indiana Sen. Birch
Bayh's chief of staff, had arranged for her to meet with the senator at the
bar of an Indianapolis motel and that she partied with the senator and his
entourage for a while and that she had then gone to the senator's hotel room
with him and that she had "slept with him." Pixie said that she had left
Bayh's hotel room early on the morning of the 16th, Ralston told the FBI
agents......So the feds checked it out: A registration card for the night of
Feb. 15, 1978, indicated that one B.E. Bayh of 2919 Garfield Street NW,
Washington, D.C., had indeed stayed in room 579 of the Indianapolis Airport
Holiday Inn while he was representing "USS" -- that is, the United States
Senate. The room cost $24. ...."
WorldNetDaily.com 11/5/98 H J Halterman ".....By dragging the senator into
the investigation, Ralston virtually guaranteed the end of FBI consideration
of his past relationship with the murdered woman. If Ralston had ever been
charged with the crime, he would only have had to point out that Sen. Bayh's
brief but intimate relationship with Pixie was at least as strong a motive
for murder as Ralston's own affair with the dead victim. Since Pixie had
been a county coordinator for Sen. Bayh and had been seen in public with
him, any such revelation could have left the senator's political future as
dead as Pixie Grismore....Since there is no statute of limitation for the
crime of murder, the investigation of Pixie's homicide is still officially
open. Even though then-Sen. Bayh headed the Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence and was in charge of the oversight committee that supposedly
supervises the CIA, NSA and, oh yeah, the FBI, all their investigation
couldn't catch the killer -- or killers. But at least the investigators kept
Pat Ralston's romantic connection to the victim, and especially her
association with former Sen. Bayh, as a closely held secret -- until now.
....."
WorldNetDaily.com 11/5/98 H J Halterman ".....The secret's been kept, all
these years, and the Bayh political dynasty continues -- Birch's son Evan,
who was until recently Indiana's governor, and thereby the boss of any
Indiana state police agencies still investigating Pixie Grismore's murder,
has even been suggested as a future Democratic presidential contender, just
like his Dad once was. And Evan gets to hobnob with President Clinton, who
needs some good advice on how to handle embarrassing reports about affairs
with former girlfriends. As governor, Bayh the Younger got to appoint men
like witness P.A. Mack, his father's old fixer-upper, to important positions
like trustee of Indiana University. And men like Pat Ralston as head of
Indiana's Department of Natural Resources in 1989. ....... Ralston became
the Democratic Party chairman of Indiana's Vigo County -- the Bayh family
powerbase -- in January 1995....... On Feb. 21, 1997, 19 years after Pixie
Grismore's final party with her friends in Terre Haute, Ralston was instead
announced as the new governor's choice to be the director of the Indiana
State Emergency Management Agency....."
Judy Danielak
The Associated Press 2/8/79 "?? Police now believe a 21-year-old United
Press International reporter who was shot in the head while driving may have
been hit by a stray bullet, capt, Dale Bruce of the North Little Rock police
said Thursday. ??.. Bruce said a bullet fragment removed from Mrs.
Danielak's brain appeared to be lead, indicating it came from a pistol, not
a rifle. He said the normal range of a handgun is "60-70 yards, less than
100 for sure." He said it was possible the bullet was fired from an access
road that parallels the interstate, but nobody reported seeing a car on that
road. Next to the access road is an open field. "It was dark and I wouldn't
think somebody would be out there hunting at that time," Bruce said. "It's a
very odd situation. We don't have anything to base anything on." ??. There
had been reports that police were investigating the possibility that the
shooting was linked to threatening mail she received after writing an
article last October for her campus newspaper. In it she objected to efforts
by black students to set up a separate publication and a separate beauty
pageant. Mrs. Danielak is white. ?..Earlier, police had said they thought
the shooting was deliberate even though they had been unable to establish a
motive. ?.Mrs. Danielak, a journalism student at the University of Arkansas,
was a temporary UPI employee assigned to the legislature. ??."
The Associated Press 2/9/79 "??.. North Little Rock police Sgt. Walter Miles
said Wednesday there were no suspects in the case and no motive had been
established. He said investigators assume Mrs. Danielak was shot when
another car pulled alongside her vehicle. ?.."
The Associated Press 2/9/79 "?? United Press International reporter Judy
Danielak died at a Little Rock hospital Friday, three days after being shot
in the head, a victim authorities believe of "somebody shooting at traffic."
??? "It's got to be an indiscriminate shooting," Little Rock police Sgt.
Walter Miles said. "There was nobody waiting in ambush for her." ......,He
said the shot was fired in her direction "but not at her personally. It
looks like it was just a person - whether he was on drugs or just mean -
shooting at traffic and the unlucky shot just hit her." ??.. :
Washington Post 2/10/79 Harry King AP "? A t least seven random shootings
have occured along central Arkansas highways since a young reporter was
fatally wounded 10 days ago, and a police spokesman said Thursday the
situation could be "getting out of hand." At least one rifle and pistols of
varying sizes have been used on the shootings, lending support to the theory
that more than one person is responsible. The confirmed shootings and dozens
of unconfirmed ones have occured in the area since Judy Danielak, 21, a
reporter for United Press International, was shot Feb. 6 while driving on
Interstate 40 in North Little Rock. She died three days later. ??.. "
Freeper archy to Alamo-Girl "...Ms. Danielak was driving in the North Little
Rock area when she was shot in the head by a *sniper* and died of her
injuries several days later. Her killer has never been caught, and there is
no statute of limitations on the crime of murder in the state of Arkansas.
Press reports at the time of her death stated that she had received hate
mail regarding previous stories she'd written while a university student
journalist in Little Rock. Following a statement by newly-seated Arkansas
Governor Bill Clinton, the police investigation shifted to consideration
that she was a random target, though she had been struck directly in the
head with a single shot from a large-caliber handgun similar to those used
by the Arkansas State Police, an unusual choice of equipment for a *sniper*.
Although later, possible *copycat* shootings occurred, in none of them was
anyone killed and ballistic tests on recovered bullets showed that they came
from weapons other than that used to kill Judy Danielak. The shooting took
place several months after the reported rape of Juanita Broadderick in a
Little Rock hotel room by Bill Clinton, at that time the Arkansas Attorney
General. ...."
Cecil Boren
Arkansas Democrat Gazzette 1/14/00 Cathy Frye "?..VARNER Two correctional
officers were fired early this week because they didn t follow policies that
would have kept murderer Kenneth Williams from sneaking out of the Cummins
Unit in October, prison officials said Thursday. And two other officers have
been put on a year s probation because they didn t tell their supervisors
that someone had called the unit at 3 p.m. on the day of Williams escape to
report that the killer had been seen in Pine Bluff. His disappearance wasn t
noticed until 6 p.m. during the evening head count. ??. But the neighbor who
found Boren s body that Sunday morning was indignant. Kay McLemore, daughter
of a former Cummins Unit officer, discovered Boren after his wife came home
from church and found that her home appeared to have been broken into and
her husband was missing. Boren s body was outside, near where his truck was
normally parked. McLemore said Thursday that the firings were a good
decision, but more people should be held accountable for Williams escape..
?? McLemore also said she finds it strange that Williams didn t bother to
stop at any houses he might have passed before reaching the Borens and no
motorists noticed him creeping across open farmland. She strongly implied
that Boren s death result from his discussing with a reporter the problems
that the Department of Correction once had with its plasma unit. Canadian
hemophiliacs have long contended that they contracted hepatitis C from
tainted plasma taken from Arkansas and Louisiana prisons during the
mid-1980s. Boren, who once worked at the Cummins Unit as an assistant
warden, referred the reporter to Correction Department Director Larry Norris
in the summer of 1999, McLemore said. We re not accusing anyone of
retaliation, she said. He was contacted. He referred them to Larry Norris.
But McLemore also implied that Williams was let out on purpose and his
selection of Boren s home was no accident. Denouncing this theory, Tyler
said, The thought of this being a deliberate and planned conspiracy is not
only ridiculous, it s absolutely nauseating. Absolutely nauseating. ??"
Lee Scott Hall
Associated Press 2/16/00 "?..On Oct. 20, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory designer Lee Scott Hall was found lying face down in his bedroom,
beaten and stabbed to death. Then, police discovered Hall knew about a flaw
in the lab's super laser, a $1.2 billion project called the National
Ignition Facility that has been plagued by projected delays and cost
overruns. Four months later, police are still trying to unravel the mystery:
Did Hall's job at the weapons lab somehow lead to his death? Lab officials
say no?? On Tuesday, Livermore Police Chief Ron Scott said some of the
information in stories about the whistle-blower theory was ``correct, some
based on speculation, and some inaccurate.'' He declined to identify which
was which, saying ``I don't want to feed into anything else that's going
on.'' The super laser is designed to test nuclear weapons by using
simulations instead of underground tests. Plans call for it to be the size
of a football stadium; it will be able to fire 192 laser beams onto a target
the size of BB to simulate temperatures and pressures similar to those
inside a nuclear explosion or at the sun's core. It is a cornerstone of the
nuclear weapons program, but it became a source of embarrassment to lab
officials last September with revelations it might be five years late and
$350 million over budget. ??Livermore officials said Hall, 54, had been
working to fix a design flaw on the super laser. But Hall's boss, Richard
Foley, said Hall was part of a team looking into a potential problem and the
flaw in question was pointed out by someone else when Hall was on vacation.
The problem is relatively small - not part of the major troubles forcing the
delays - and could be fixed for around $1 million, Foley said??. It was
Foley and another lab worker who found Hall's body, when they went to his
house after he failed to show up for work. Hall lived alone and there was no
sign of forced entry or robbery and little sign of a struggle. He was
stabbed repeatedly. ?.."
DIXIE MAFIA RELATED
Note: all are before Clinton?s administration, but are included here because
of other information dealing with criminal activity in the South
Rep Larkin Smith - died in airplane accident, was previously a Dixie Mafia
target
Pauline Pusser - killed in an ambush (Buford Pusser?s wife)
Harry Bennett - shot
L.B. Kelly - shot
Ellwood T. Steube - shot
George Fuqua - shot
Doris Ann Willingham Grooms - shot
Deputy Sheriff E.R. "Buddy" Walthers - shot when he went to question a Dixie
Mafia member
Gary Elbert McDaniel - shot
Margie George - victim, hatchet and shot
Carl Douglas "Towhead" White - shot
Bobby Gale Gwinn - shot
Donald Lester "Jimmy" James - shot
Jack Howard Joy - shot in the chest, soaked and set on fire
Winston Fairley - dismembered
George Albert McGann - shot
Jerry Michael Meshell - shot
Clifford Hugh Fuller - shot
Johnson, Tracy - shot
William Mulvey - shot
Stephen Jeffrey Lee - shot
Dewey D'Angelo - shot
Larkin Smith
http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/smith6.html
Smith, Larkin I. (1944-1989) Husband of Sheila Smith. Born in
Mississippi, June 26, 1944. U.S. Representative from Mississippi 5th
District, 1989. Died in an airplane crash, August 13, 1989. Burial
location unknown.
[Congressional bio:]
SMITH, Larkin I., 1944-1989 SMITH, Larkin I. , a Representative from
Mississippi; born in Poplarville, Pearl River County, Miss., June 26,
1944; attended Poplarville Elementary School; graduated, Poplarville
High School, 1962; chief deputy sheriff, Pearl River County sheriff's
department, 1966-1972; chief investigator, Harrison County sheriff's
department, 1971-1977; B.A., William Carey College, 1979; chief of
police, Gulfport, Miss., August 1977-December 1983; Sheriff of Harrison
County, Miss., January 1, 1984, to January 1, 1989; elected as a
Republican to the One Hundred First Congress and served from January 3,
1989, until his death August 13, 1989, in a private aircraft crash in
the DeSoto National Forest, Miss., while en route from Hattiesburg to
Gulfport
Freeper archy "?..PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 101st CONGRESS
WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 13, 1989
TRIBUTE TO LARKIN SMITH
Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, I could not help but think when I was listening
to the distinguished gentleman from Pennsylvania, that when he died and
when a flag was draped over his coffin, there could have been no more
suitable use of our American flag than to honor such a man.
If anyone who had known Larkin Smith, and I know many people watching
on C-SPAN from Mississippi did know Larkin, as they worked to get him
here, if these people had the opportunity to get to know Larkin Smith,
he probably would have been their best friend. His office, as it turned
out in our freshman class, was just down the hall from mine, and I used
to drop in on him once in a while and he on me during the week. He had
that infectious personality, that wry wit, genuine concern for others
that is the mark of the truly likable person. As a result, he was a
natural in politics. People just loved him, and so did we, all of us
freshman classmates.
So the discovery, when we were on our August recess, that he had died
in a plane crash, could not have come as a more hurtful shock to all
Members, and we were scattered, his classmates, all over the country.
Quickly, we were in telephone contact, and in the 7 1/2 months that we
had been together, we had already grown close. This tragic occurrence
brought Members even closer together still. For half a day, all we knew
was that Larkin's single engine plane had disappeared, disappeared from
radar screens about 9:25, on Sunday evening. It was not until the next
morning that we found out, for certain, that he had hit a tree and he
had been killed instantly in a small plane.
President Bush personally directed the personnel from Kessler Air Force
Base in their ground search, and the Customs Service, with which Larkin
used to work in drug interdiction. More than 500 people spread out in
that effort, and each new detail and news report came as a surge of
electricity to all. Of course, in the end, we found out Larkin was no
longer to be here. Just 7 1/2 months after our journey started
together, one of our fellows is gone, but this tragedy, I think, has
brought all Members closer together than ever before.
We will all remember Larkin as someone who towered among the Members of
this body. His beliefs were so strong, and his arguments in behalf of
those beliefs so strong that each Member could not help but feel that
we were proud to be part of Larkin's team. I think we have discussed
tonight, and Members have heard about the series of 28 speeches that he
began, because he was so discomfited as a member of the law enforcement
community for 23 years, that up here on Capitol Hill we were setting up
road blocks, getting in the way on the war on drugs and in this series
of speeches he pointed out the more than 80 committees and
subcommittees and task forces were hampering the efforts of our drug
czar, Bill Bennett. I still remember the day he took the floor and
challenged the Members, Members on both sides of the aisle, with the
following words which I would like to quote verbatim.
"Mr. Speaker, with the recent introduction of the Administration's
comprehensive crime bill, I would like to take this opportunity to
issue a challenge to my distinguished colleagues on both sides of the
aisle. It has become increasingly apparent that the war on drugs and
crime cannot be fairly characterized as such. What we are currently
waging is, at best, a public relations campaign. The war on drugs, in
my opinion, has not even begun."
Mr. Speaker, imagine Larkin Smith, this big guy, this Mississippi
county sheriff, standing out here and challenging all the Congress and
saying this.
"We need to reduce the bureaucratic mire of 80-plus congressional
committees overseeing the work of the drug czar into one single
oversight committee. The lines of command need to be clearly drawn, and
the battle plans must be laid. Congress has the opportunity to seize
the offensive and to declare a sunset for the end of this war on drugs
and crime.
"I urge my fellow soldiers not to grow weary, but to put on the full
armor of battle. If we are serious about the scourge of drugs and crime
in our nation, we would be advised to adopt General MacArthur's
admonition to Congress in 1951, when he stated: In war, there is no
substitute for victory."
Larkin, we are not going to grow weary. We will remember your words. We
are going to fight on in your name and in your stead, all of us, the
freshman Members of your class, and I hope and I know all of us here
today hope and pray that we will be successful in those efforts because
they meant so much to Larkin, to the people of Mississippi who sent him
here and to all the people of America?."
http://www.sunherald.com/sherry/mafia/part7.htm Gene Swearington "??The
election of Hobbs in 1971 had been heralded by many law officers as the
beginning of a new era on the Coast. Recalling those days, a veteran
state officer said recently: "When we heard on the radio that he had
been elected, we cheered. " ?? Hobbs' 12-year reign turned cut just as
corrupt, if not more so, than those of his predecessors. Hobbs became a
close associate and co-conspirator of such notorious Dixie Mafia
figures as Jim Blackwell and D.J. Venus III, as well as a friend of New
Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello??.Before his last term was over,
Hobbs would become the first Harrison County sheriff sentenced to
prison??
Despite growing awareness that Hobbs was involved with the Dixie Mafia,
he was re-elected twice. Even after he was indicted in 1983 on
racketeering charges that included extortion, bribery, drug dealing and
murder conspiracy, Hobbs won nearly 20 percent of the vote in his last
election bid, the first that failed. That was two months before he
pleaded guilty to racketeering. In May 1984, U.S. District Court Judge
William H. Barbour sentenced Hobbs to 20 years and told the fallen
officer: "You disgraced yourself and the law enforcement profession.
You violated your public trust. You still want to five the high life
and associate with high rollers even when facing your sentencing. You
sold your soul to the devil." ??.
In June 1983, six months into Hobbs' last year in office, a federal
task force caught him as he waited for an airdrop of cocaine. The drugs
were to be dropped from a plane onto a farm in north-central Harrison
County. The farm was run by Hobbs' close friend, D.J. Venus III, a
Dixie Mafia criminal and ex-bootlegger. What Hobbs and Venus and their
cohorts did not know was that the airdrop was bogus. It was a sting set
up by federal agents. They were so confident they were beyond the reach
of the law that Hobbs' chief deputy, Craig Monroe, bragged about the
deal a few hours before it was to take place??? Federal agents had been
preparing Hobbs' downfall for five years. A confidential federal report
on organized crime in Mississippi written in 1978 focused on Coast
crime figures and officials who were doing little or nothing to curb
them?..The report, which listed many associates within the Dixie Mafia
and the Mafia, featured Hobbs prominently. ??. The document concluded
that Hobbs would be "a vulnerable target for any 'strike force' type
investigation.
The agents' observation was borne out early in 1982, when Hobbs turned
but to be at the center of a plot to kill Larkin Smith, Gulfport chief
of police, whom Hobbs feared would run against him in the next race for
sheriff. Confidential informants close to Hobbs told federal agents
that the sheriff and Salisbury were planning to assassinate Smith. One
of the informants said that Hobbs told him that Smith would be "blown
away" by Salisbury before July 4, 1982. ???
In 1983, a federal grand jury investigating the murder of Biloxi
striptease joint owner Dewey D'Angelo heard testimony that revealed
even more about Hobbs' corruption. James Edward Creamer, the contract
hitman who confessed to murdering D'Angelo, testified that he was
instructed to leave the body in Hobbs' jurisdiction. That way, Creamer
said, Hobbs could protect the murder conspirators by controlling the
investigation. The hitman's helper, Phillip Martin Hale Cryer, said
that Hobbs collected $150 a week in payoffs from the striptease joint
owners. Cryer worked in one of the joints, the Show Club. Cryer also
told the grand jury about the Smith assassination plot. He testified
that a few weeks after the D'Angelo murder, for which he was paid $5,
000 for his help, Creamer asked him if he wanted to take another
contract. This one would pay between $50,000 and $60,000 because "There
will be a lot of heat," Creamer said, according to Cryer. "Who was it?"
a federal prosecutor asked. "Larkin Smith," Cryer replied. "Did
(Creamer) ever tell you who wanted Larkin Smith killed, who had put the
contract out?" the prosecutor asked. "Yeah. Leroy Hobbs, you know,
because he wanted - I guess because of the election," he said '(Hobbs)
can make that back in six months.' " Cryer said??.Creamer tesitifed
that Salisbury was the one who ended up with the contract??..
Rapp was offered the contract on Larkin Smith at more than $100,000,
Cryer testified. The men who put out the contract were the same ones
who paid to have D'Angelo killed: Jim Blackwell and D.J. Venus, both
Dixie Mafia members with strong ties to Hobbs. Cryer testified that
Rapp was afraid to take the contract. Rapp was worried that he would be
double-crossed by Hobbs, who would want to make a show of quickly
finding and punishing Smith's killer. Cryer told the grand jury that
Rapp said: "They're goign to find out what time I'm doing it, and the
sheriff (Hobbs) will just run in right after that and blow me away."
The plot to kill Larkin Smith not only failed, it became one of the
charges in a 28-count federal racketeering indictment handed down
against Sheriff Hobbs in December 1983. The racketeering indictment
superseded charges filed against Hobbs six months earlier for
conspiring to import cocaine??."
Gene Swearingen "?..Since the 1960s, the Dixie Mafia has been exacting
its own brand of swift justice and revenge, and dumping the results in
ditches and woods and even in laundry sacks across the Southeast. While
investigators are certain the slayings were Dixie Mafia "hits," few
cases have ended in murder convictions. Few witnesses willing or able
to testify have been available. These are some of those hits either
identified as Dixie Mafia killings or suspected of being connected to
the gang:
Pauline Pusser, 33 - Aug. 12, 1967. The wife of "Walking Tall" Sheriff
Buford Pusser was killed in an ambush in McNairy County, Tenn., that
blew away the bottom half of the sheriff's face. Pusser, who died in an
automobile accident in 1974, was obsessed with bringing to vengeance
the four ambushers and the man he learned had ordered the hit from a
prison cell.
[The killers]
Kirksey McCord Nix Jr. [Dixie Mafia leader] - In 1972, Nix we convicted
of murdering a New Orleans grocery executive in a break-in at the man's
home, and began serving a life sentence without parole.
Carmin Raymon Gagliardi [Boston mob star] - found dead in Boston Harbor
Gary Elbert McDaniel [Dixie Mafix hitman] - shot dead in Texas
George Albert McGann [Dixie Mafia hitman] - shot dead in Texas
Carl Douglas "Towhead" White ?. in prison in Texarkana, Ark., for
moonshining, had called Nix, his best friend and confederate on many
Dixie Mafia robberys and arranged for Nix to murder Pusser. - White was
shot down in Mississippi
Harry Bennett, 65, Dec.16, 1967. Co-owner of Biloxi gambling club
Caesar's Palace, he was gunned down after midnight in the parking lot
of the Gallery Apartments, near his Biloxi gambling club.
L.B. Kelly, 31 - June 4, 1968. Kelly was a gambler, burglar and
associate of Jim Blackwell, a Biloxi club owner and Dixie Mafia member.
Kelly was found beside Lake Texoma near Denison, Texas, shot three
times with a .380 automatic..
Ellwood T. Steube, 21, - Aug. 10, 1968. Steube was the son of the Pass
Christian police chief. He fell into bad company and paid for it with
his life. He was shot in the head, at pointblank range, by Dixie Mafia
associate Thomas Pearce?.
George Fuqua, 45; Doris Ann Willingham Grooms, 28 - Nov. 27, 1968:
Fuqua was a gambler, bookmaker and strongarm enforcer. Grooms was his
girlfriend. They were kidnapped at gunpoint from an apartment in Dallas
and driven to Piano, Texas, where each one was shot in the stomach and
head. Their bodies were dumped on the side of a road..
Deputy Sheriff E.R. "Buddy" Walthers - Jan. 13, 1969. Walthers was a
deputy in the Dallas Sheriff's Office. He was shot to death when he
went to a motel to question a Dixie Mafia member, James Walker Cherry..
Gary Elbert McDaniel, 24 - Feb. 2, 1969. McDaniel was a burglar and
Dixie Mafia hitman. He was shot three times with a .380 automatic and
his body was thrown into the Sabine River in Texas, where it was
discovered on March 2..
Margie George - Feb. 18, 1969 - She was one of 24 people in a trailer
camp near Covington, La., who were chained up by a ski-masked gang of
four. The elderly woman was ordered to open a safe and when she
refused, she was struck in the head with a hatchet, then shot..
Carl Douglas "Towhead" White, 32 - April 2, 1969. White, who got his
nickname because of his blond hair, was by all accounts one of the
best-looking men in Biloxi??..On the night he was murdered, White took
Shirley Smith out drinking. She was the wife of Dixie Mafia member
Barry "Junior" Smith. At 11:50 p.m., White and Smith's wife drove up to
the El-Ray Motel, on the outskirts of Corinth, Miss., and parked in
front of Room 3. When White stepped out of the new green Chrysler, an
assassin lying in wait on the motel roof put a bullet through White's
head, killing him instantly. Junior Smith immediately confessed, saying
he had killed White in self-defense. In White's hand was a gun,
registered lo Shirley Smith. A jury acquitted Junior Smith.
Investigators believe Smith had nothing to do with White's murder; they
think it was a hit arranged by Pusser in revenge for his wife's death.
Bobby Gale Gwinn, age unknown - Oct. 15, 1969. Gwinn was a Dixie Mafia
burglar whose body was found in a ditch beside Interstate 20 about 20
miles west of Shreveport. He had been shot several times with a .45
caliber automatic..
Donald Lester "Jimmy" James, 43 - Jan. 11, 1970. James was shot down in
front of a Biloxi beachfront gambling club, Caesar's Palace, at 7:20
p.m..
Jack Howard Joy, 38 - Feb. 6, 1970. Joy was a Dixie Mafia burglar who
died hard. He was shot in the chest, soaked and set on fire. His
charred body was found in a roadside ditch near his Lafayette, La.,
home the next morning...
Winston Fairley, 41 - March 10, 1970. A Dixie Mafia associate of Jimmy
Fairley lived on the Coast. Two 15 year-old boys discovered Fairley's
body parts in two bags under Foster Creek Bridge in the Barlow
community near Hazelhurst. The body had been under the bridge about
three weeks. Fairley's arms, legs and head had been chopped off and
stuffed into two laundry bags. Because there was no blood at the scene,
law enforcement officers speculated that Fairley had been murdered
elsewhere and his body dumped later..
George Albert McGann, age unknown, and Jerry Michael Meshell, 30 -
Sept. 30, 1970?.. The two were shot dead in a private home in Lubbock,
Texas. McGann was shot once in the heart with a .30-caliber pistol and
twice in the back with a .45-caliber pistol. Meshell died with a
.38-caliber slug in his heart and one in his stomach..
Clifford Hugh Fuller, 38 - Dec. 21, 1970. Fuller was a Dixie Mafia
burglar and an armed robber. Fuller was gunned down in DeKalb County,
Ga. He caught several blasts from a 12-gauge shotgun, tired through a
window into the house..
Johnson, Tracy, 34 and William Mulvey, 32 - Dec. 6, 1972. Johnson was
an Atlanta prostitute and Mulvey was an armed robber on parole. He and
Johnson drove from Atlanta and chocked into the Glenrose Motel in New
Orleans, then went to the Black Hat Club in Covington, about a
half-hour away. Two days later a woman looking for a Christmas tree in
the woods in Hancock County discovered their bodies. Both had been shot
and dumped into a ditch.
Stephen Jeffrey Lee, 26 - Nov. 7, 1974. Lee, a lieutenant of
pornography king Michael G. Thevis, was found murdered and sprawled
beside his waterbed in his rented house in Sandy Springs, an affluent
area north of Atlanta. He had been shot over his right eye and at the
base of his skull with a small-caliber revolver.
Dewey D'Angelo, 56 - March 1, 1982. D'Angelo was a Biloxi striptease
joint owner and Dixie Mafia drug dealer and gambler. He was stabbed
nine times, his ear was cut off and his body was left in the trunk of
his Lincoln Continental in the parking lot of a D'Iberville
supermarket..
Jordan Ketelsen 6/1990
Freeper amom "?..Jordan Ketelsen, who was believed to be connected to the
McKaskle murder was killed by a shotgun blast to the head. There was no
police investigation, and his body was cremated before an autopsy could be
performed?.." http://www.idmedia.com/salvid.htm#13a
Greg Collins 1/1989
Freeper amom "??Greg CollinsWho failed to appear after being subpoenaed to
testify before Kevin and Don's grand jury, was killed by a shotgun blast to
the face. His murder remains unsolved. ?.."
http://www.idmedia.com/salvid.htm#13a
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