Section 16 -- Dictionary of Japanese bonsai terms
Bonsai styles ---
chokkan (Formal Upright)
The chokkan bonsai typically has a single, upright
trunk that tapers toward the top. Branches are
symmetrically balanced and well spaced.
moyogi (Informal Upright)
Moyogi bonsai have a single trunk like the chokkan,
but the trunk is usually curved. The trunk generally
tapers toward the top like the formal upright.
kabudachi (Multiple Trunks)
sokan (Twin Trunk)
sankan (Triple Trunk)
gokan (5 trunk)
Two (or 3 or 5) trunks growing from the same root.
Usually one trunk is the largest and is referred to
as the parent. Good conformation is based on the
aesthetic balance of the smaller 'children' to the
parent in trunk thickness.
shakan (Slanting)
A single trunk, similar to the formal and informal
upright, but cultivated with the trunk growing at
an angle other than 90 degrees to the ground.
Branches are again balanced and well spaced.
netsuranari or netsunagari (Sinuous)
sinuous bonsai have multiple trees growing from a
single sinuous root. 5 needle pine are most commonly
used for this style.
neagari (Exposed Root)
Roots growing up out of the ground, suspending the
trunk in the air, characterize this rare style of
bonsai.
ikada (Raft)
Similar in effect to netsuranari, but typically with
one straight horizontal root joining the trees.
This is usually accomplished by burying a larger
tree horizontally and then training each branch as a
separate tree.
fukinagashi (Windswept)
Similar to the slanting style, but all of the
branches are swept in one direction as though it
were growing in a place with a strong constant
prevailing wind.
kengai (Cascade)
An unusual form where the trunk and branches arch
and 'cascade' over the edge of the pot. Usually
planted in a deep pot to give balance to its
unusual form.
bunjingi (Literati)
Upright or informally upright trunk bare of branches
except at the top, characterized by a tasteful
simple elegance.
hokidachi (Broom)
Broom style trees have an upright trunk, with
branches evenly fanned out. It resembles an old
fashioned broom standing on its handle.
yose-ue (Group)
A group planting of distinct separate trees,
representing a grove, or forest.
ishitsuki (Rock-grown)
There are two basic types of rock grown bonsai:
root grasping the rock, where the roots do enter
the soil the rock is protruding from; and on, or
in the rock, where the tree is planted in a pocket
of earth attached to the rock, or in a hollow in
the rock.
Growing techniques
misho -- Grown from seed
yamadori -- Collecting plants from nature
sashiki -- Grown from cuttings
tsugiki -- Grafting
toriki -- Layering and dividing
Other Japanese bonsai terms --
nebari -- The rootball of a bonsai
Section 17 -- Dictionary of Latin Botanical Terms
-- (Note: This section is complete within the limits of my
documentation)
abbreviatus -- short
acuminatus -- long tapering point
acutifolius -- with sharp leaves
adpressus -- pressed together, pressed against
adscendens, ascendens -- going up
aerius -- of the air, as air-roots
affinus -- related, with an affinity
africanus -- from Africa
alatus -- winged
albescens -- pale, whitish
albidus, albus -- white
albiflorus -- with white flowers
alpinus -- of the alpines, mountains
alternus -- alternating, usually means NOT directly opposite
altus -- altitude, tall
amabilis -- pretty
amphibius -- adaptable either to land or water
angulosus -- angled, turning every which way
angustifolius -- with narrow leaves (seldom used, more
commonly nerifolius)
aquaticus -- of the water, water-loving
arborescens -- growing like a tree, woody like a tree
arenatius -- found in sandy places
argenteus, argentus -- silvery
aristatus -- bearded
arrectus -- straight up, erect
asiaticus, asiatus -- from Asia
atlanticus -- Atlantic
atropurpureus, atropurpurea -- purple, sometimes dark red
atrosanguineus -- dark blood-red
atroviolaceus -- dark violet
atrovirens -- dark green
augustus -- important in size or appearance, imposing
aurantiacus -- orange-red
aureus -- golden
azureus -- deep blue, azure
babylonicus -- Babylonian, from Babylon
balticus -- from the Baltic
bengalinis -- from Bengal
biennis -- biennial
biflorus -- two flowered
bifolius -- two leaved
brefolius -- with short leaves
brevis -- short
brevisimus -- very short
brillian -- brilliant
brittanicus -- from Britain
brunneus -- brown
bulgarius -- Bulgarian
buxifolius -- with leaves like a boxwood, box-leaved
calamifolius -- with reed-like leaves
californicus -- from California
campestris -- found in fields
candelabrum -- having the form of a candelabra
candicans -- white or frosty looking
carneus -- flesh-colored
catitatus -- headed
cerefolius -- with waxy leaves
coccineus -- bright red
coloratus -- colored
columnaris -- having the form of a column
concolor -- similar coloring
conglomeratus -- all close together
contortus -- twisted, contorted
cordatus -- heart-shaped
cornutus, cornuta -- horned or horn-shaped
crassifolius -- with thick leaves
crenatus -- serrated
cuspidatus -- sharp tooth, or hard point
deformis -- deformed
deliciosus, deliciosa -- delicious
dendroideus -- like a tree
densatus -- dense
densifolius -- with dense leaves
densiflorus -- with dense flowers
dentatus -- toothed, with a series of points
dipterus -- two-winged
discolor -- of two or several colors
dissectus -- deeply cut leaves, as in fern-leaved maple
divaricatus -- spreading
domesticus -- domesticated
edulis -- can be eaten
elatus, elata -- tall
elegans -- elegant, graceful
elongatus -- long
erectus -- upright
excelsius, excelsus -- tall
exoticus, exotica -- from another country
fastigiatus -- having nearly vertical, close-together branches
ferox -- fierce, thorny
flaccidus -- soft, limp
flammeus -- flame-colored
flexilis -- bendable, flexible
floripleno -- with double flowers
floribundus -- with many flowers
foetidus -- bad-smelling, having a fetid odor
fragrans -- sweet-smelling, fragrant
fragrantissimus -- very sweet-smelling
frutescens -- bushy, shrubby, twiggy
gallicus -- from Gaul (France), may also pertain to a rooster
giganticus -- large, gigantic
glaucus -- with a frost-like bloom, as on a grape
gloriosus, gloriosa -- great, superb
gracilis -- slender, graceful, lissome
grandifolius -- with large leaves
guttatus -- freckled
haemanthus -- bright red flowers
humilis -- dwarf, low
ilicifolius -- holly-like leaves
japonicus -- from Japan
lancifolius -- with lance-like leaves
latifolius -- with broad leaves
leptolepis -- with thin scales
leptophyllus -- with thin leaves
leucodermis -- with white skin
lobularius -- lobed
luteus -- yellow
macranthus -- with large flowers
macro -- big, long, large
maximus -- the largest
medius -- medium
megalophyllus -- with very large leaves
microphyllus -- with very small leaves
minimus -- very small
mollis -- hairy, fuzzy
myriophyllus -- with many leaves
nanus, nana -- dwarf, small
nerifolius, nerifolia -- with narrow leaves
niger -- black
nodulosa -- with small nodes
nudifolia -- deciduous, naked of leaves
oblongatus -- oblong, oval
officinalis -- medicinal
parviflorus -- with small flowers
parvifolia -- with small leaves
patens -- spreading
pinous -- pine-like
podocarpus -- with stalked fruits
polydactylus -- with many fingers
porphyreus -- purple
praecox -- very early
procumbens -- procumbent, lying down
pumilus -- dwarf, small
pygmaeus -- pygmy
pyramidalis -- pyramidal
repens -- creeping, low
reticulatus -- with a netted pattern
robustus -- strong, robust
roseaflorus -- with rose-like flowers
rotundifolius -- with round leaves
scandens -- climbing
semperflorens -- everblooming
sempervirens -- always green
serpens -- creeping
serpyllifolius -- with thyme-like leaves
serratus -- with a saw tooth edge
stolenifera -- with runners that root and send up
another plant
strictus -- erect
sylvaticus -- of the forest
tenuifolius -- with slender leaves
tomentosus -- very wooly
tridens -- with three teeth or points
variegatus -- variegated
verrucosus -- warty
virens -- green
virginianus -- of Virginia, first defined in Virginia
viridis -- green
vulgaris -- common, vulgar, ordinary
xanthinus -- yellow
zonalis -- banded
Section C -- Contributors
Im removing this section because there are just too many contibutors in too many small ways to do them justice. Thanks to everyone who contributed, in any way.
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