Excerpt from R. Buckminster Fuller's _Critical Path_.
  Copyright 1981 by R. Buckminster Fuller  pp. xxi to xxii

       In 1600 Queen Elizabeth I and a few intimates founded the East
lndia Company.  Exercising her crown privileges, the queen granted the
company limited liability for losses on the part of the enterprise
backers. They could lose their money if the ship were lost, but they could
not be held liable for the lives of the sailors who were drowned. While
the owners could insure and very greatly limit the magnitude of their
losses, the sailors and their families could not. "Ltd"-limited, in
England-and "Inc."-incorporat- ed, in the U.S.A.-and other similar legal
definitions in all capitalist coun- tries constitute "for ages
uncontested"-ergo, custom-validated and legal- judgments-upheld-royal
decrees greatly favoring big-money capitalism over the mortal,
breadwinner-loss-taking vast majority of the poor.

  Elizabeth's East India Company scheme was to have her national navy (and
armies) first win mastery of the world's sea-lanes. This advantage would
thereafter be exploited by her privately owned enterprise. This l scheme
became one of the first of such national power structure bids for es-
tablishing and maintaining world-trade supremacy through dominance of the
world's high seas', ocean currents', trade winds', critical straits', and
only-seasonably-favorable passages' world-around line of vital and
desirable supplies. All the other world-power-stature individuals who vied
for su- preme mastery of the world's high seas lines of supply also
operated invisi- bly through monarchs and nations over whom they had
sufficient influence. Through such behind-the-throne influence the
influenced nation's resources could be politically maneuvered into paying
for the building and operation of the navies and armies that would seek to
establish and protect their re- spective privately owned enterprises.

  With the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the British Empire won "the world's
power structures championship" and became historically the first empire
"upon which," it was said, "the sun never sets."  This is because it was
the first empire in history to embrace the entire spherical planet Earth's
71-per- cent maritime, 29-percent landed, wealth-producing activities. All
previous empires-Genghis Khan's, Alexander the Great's, the Romans', et
al.-- were unified European, North African, and Asian-continental, river-,
lake-, and sea-embracing, flat-out land areas completely surrounded in all
lateral directions by the infinitely unknown. All earlier empires were
infinite systems-open systems. The British Empire was history's first
spherically closed, finite system. Building and maintaining the world's
most powerful navy, the 1805 supremely victorious British Empire was to
maintain its sov- ereignty over the world's oceans and seas for 113 years.

  Concurrently with its 1600 A.D.-initiated two centuries of maritime and
military struggle for world dominance, England was also developing a ci-
vilian army of the world's best-informed and Empire-backed scientific,
eco- nomic, and managerial personnel for the most economically profitable
realization of its grand, world-embracing strategies. To educate the army
of civil servants was the responsibility of the East India Company College
lo- cated just outside of London. (In 1980 it is as yet operating.) Its
graduates went to all known parts of the planet to gather all possible
data on the phys- ical and human culture resources to be exploited as well
as information on the local customs of all the countries, large and small,
with whom Great Britain and the East India Company must successfully cope
and trade

  In 1800 Thomas Malthus, later professor of political economics of the
East India Company College, was the first human in history to receive a
comprehensively complete inventory of the world's vital and economic sta-
tistics. The accuracy of the pre-Trafalgar 1800 inventory was verified by
a similar world inventory taken by the East India Company in 1810.  In a
lat- er-post-Trafalgar-book Malthus confirmed in 1810 his 1800 finding
that world-around humanitY was increasing its numbers at a geometric pro-
gression rate while increasing its life-support production at only an
arith- metical progression rate, ergo, an increasing majority of humans
would have to live out their short years in want and misery.

  "Pray all you want,' said Malthus, "it will do you no good. There is no
more!"

  A half-century later Darwin expounded his theory of evolution, assuming
that nature's ineXorable proceSses were the consequence of the "survival
only of the fittest specieS and individuals within those species."

  Karl Marx compounded Malthus's and Darwin's scientifically convincing
conclusions and said, in effect, "The worker is obviously the fittest to
sur- vive. He is the one who knows how to handle the tools and seeds to
produce the life support.  The opulent others are 'parasites.'"  The
opulent others said, "We are opulent and on top of the heap because we
demonstrate Dar- win's 'fitest to survive.' The workers are dull and
visionless.  What is needed in this world is big-thinking enterprise,
courage, cunning, and fighting skill." For the last century these two
ideologies, communism and free en- terprise, have dominated the political
affairs of world-around humanity. Each side says, "You may not like our
system, but we are convinced that we have the fittest, fairest, most
ingenious way of coping with the lethal in- adequacy of life support
operative on our planet, but because there are those who disagree
diametrically on how to cope, only all-out war can resolve which system is
fittest to survive."

  Those in supreme power politically and economically as of 1980 are as
yet convinced that our planet Earth has nowhere nearly enough life support
for all humanity. All books on economics have only one basic tenet-the l
fundamental scarcity of life support. The supreme political and economic
powers as yet assume that it has to be either you or me. Not enough for 11
both. That is why (1) those in financial advantage fortify themselves even
further, reasoning that unselfishness is suicidal. That is why (2) the
annual military expenditures by the U.S.S.R., representing socialism, and
the .U.S.A., representing private enterprise, have averaged over $200
billion a year for the last thirty years, doubling it last year to $400
billion-making a thus-far total of six trillion, 400 billion dollars spent
in developing the abil- ety to kill ever-more people, at ever-greater
distances, in ever-shorter time.

Excerpt from R. Buckminster Fuller's _Critical Path_.
  Copyright 1981 by R. Buckminster Fuller  pp. 78-79

  Though motivated by distinctly different northern and souther reasons
for doing so, we have the east-coast North American British-blood people
breaking away from the Old World through the American Revolution.

  In our tracing of the now completely invisible world power structures it
is important to note that, while the British Empire as a world government
lost the American Revolution, the power strUcture behind it did not lose
the war. The most visible of the power-structure identities was the East
India Company, an entirely private enterprise whose flag as adopted by
Queen Elizabeth in 1600 happened to have thirteen red and white horizontal
stripes with a blue rectangle in its upper lefthand corner. The blue
rectangle bore in red and white the superimposed crosses of St. Andrew and
St. George When the Boston Tea Party occurred, the colonists dressed as
In- dians boarded the East India Company's three ships and threw overboard
their entire cargoes of high-tax tea. They also took the flag from the
mast- head of the largest of the "East Indiamen"-the Dartmouth.

  George Washington took command of the U.S. Continental Army under an elm
tree in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The flag used for that occasion was the
East India Company's flag, which by pure coincidence had the thir- teen
red and white stripes. Though it was only coincidence, most of those
present thought the thirteen red and white stripes did represent the
thirteen American colonies-ergo, was very appropriate-but they complained
about the included British flag's superimposed crosses in the blue
rectangle in the top corner. George Washington conferred with Betsy Ross,
after which came the thirteen white, five-pointed stars in the blue field
with the thirteen red and white horizontal stripes. While the British
government lost the 1776 war, the East India Company's owners who
constituted the invisi- ble power structure behind the British government
not only did not lose but moved right into the new U.S.A. economy along
with the latter's most pow- erful landowners.

  By pure chance I happened to uncover this popularly unknown episode of
American history. Commissioned in 1970 by the Indian government to design
new airports in Bombay, New Delhi, and Madras, I was visiting the grand
palace of the British fortress in Madras, where the English first es-
tablished themselves in India in 1600. There I saw a picture of Queen
Eliz- abeth I and the flag of the East India Company of 1600 A.D., with
its thirteen red and white horizontal stripes and its superimposed crosses
in the upper corner. What astonished me was that this flag (which seemed
to be the American flag) was apparently being used in 1600 A.D., 175 years
before the American RevolutiOn Displayed on the stairway landing wall
together with the portrait of Queen Elizabeth I painted on canvas, the
flag was paint- ed on the wall itself, as was the seal of the East India
Company.

  The supreme leaders of the American Revolution were of the southern
type-George WashingtOn and Thomas Jefferson Both were great land- owners
with direct royal grants for their lands, in contradistinction to the
relatively meager individual landholdings of the individual northern
Puritan colonists.

Critical Path by R. Buckminster Fuller & Adjuvant Kiyoshi Kuromiya

year 1981 pp 471 hc/pb Paperback price $14.95 plus $1.75 postage and
handling

In-stock at A-albionic Research, PO Box 20273, Ferndale, MI 48220-0273

Capsule Review:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The creator of the Geodesic Dome and coiner of the term "Spaceship Earth"
in setting forth his vision for the future of mankind adumbrates his
insightful theory of the covert world-rule "Great Pirates" (ie. the
British Empire).

Many suspect that Fuller was the unacknowledged source of Lyndon
LaRouche's theories, including much of his opposition to the no-growth
ecology extremism of the "Great Pirate's" "Court Intellectuals"!  Fuller
does not condemn "environmentalism" with the same extremism as LaRouche,
but does argue against no-progress extremism.

Page 58-59:  "It seems strange that we were not taught about the
historical, philosophical, and economic significance of the foregoing
transition to a closed-sphere world system (from infinite plane world
view).  Because the churches were strong and the "Great Pirates"  wished
to obscure both their monopoly of the riches of the now limited system and
their grand world ocean strategy for its control, the significance of the
concept of a closed world system was popularly unrealized.  The power
structure and its patronized educational systems `let well enough alone'."
(!!)

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